Apollo - CompWisdom

Apollo - CompWisdom

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Apollob> Computers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Apollob> Computer, Inc., founded 1980 in Chelmsford, Massachusetts by William Poduska (a founder of Prime Computer), developed and produced Apollob>/Domain workstations in the 1980s.
Apollob> also invented the revision control system DSEE (Domain Software Engineering Environment) which was later to become Rational ClearCase.
Apollob> was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 1989 for US $476 million, and gradually closed down over the period 1990-1997.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Computers (555 words)



Clavius: Technology - computers

The Apollob> guidance computer had the computer power equivalent only to today's kitchen appliances, far less than what would be required to go to the moon.
Recall that the Apollob> computer was not a general purpose computer.
These simple chips are not "computer chips" in the sense that they contain a computer on a single chip, but they are computer chips in that they can be used to build a computer.

http://www.clavius.org/techcomp.html (1780 words)



Apollob>/Domain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Although Apollob> systems were very easy to use and administer, they became increasingly less cost-effective, partly because the 68K processors were slow compared to the new RISC chips from Sun and Hewlett-Packard, and partly because the proprietary operating system made software expensive compared to that developed for Unix systems.
Apollob> Token Ring was generally the best choice, since it was extremely scalable; whilst the Ethernet of the time suffered serious performance loss as extra machines were added to the network, this was not true of ATR, which could easily have over a hundred machines on one network.
Apollob>/Domain was a range of workstations developed and produced by Apollob> Computers, Inc. from circa 1980 to 1989.

http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo/Domain (820 words)



Apollob> Computers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Apollob> also invented the revision control system DSEE (Domain Software Engineering Environment) which was later to become Rational ClearCase.
Apollob> was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 1989 for US $476 million, and gradually closed down over the period 1990-1997.
Apollob> Computer, Inc., founded 1980 in Chelmsford, Massachusetts, developed and produced Apollob>/Domain workstations in the 1980s.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Computer (532 words)



Apollob> Guidance Computer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Apollob> Guidance Computer (AGC) was the first recognizably modern embedded system, used in real-time by astronaut pilots to collect and provide flight information, and to automatically control all of the navigational functions of the Apollob> spacecraft.
Amongst the computer's other error codes was the very first '404 error', albeit that error 00404 was shorthand for "IMU orientation unknown".
The Apollob> flight computer was the first to use integrated circuits (ICs).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer (4051 words)



John R. "Jack" Garman, NASA MSC/JSC: Oral History Transcript

Moreover, the onboard computers in Apollob> were guidance computers.
Either the computer would put up a verb and a noun to tell you what it was displaying, or the astronaut would key in a verb and a noun to say what he or sheit was all "he" in Apollob>was trying to do.
The onboard computers, the ones in the spacecraft, I mean.

http://klabs.org/history/bios/garman/garman_oral_history.htm (20194 words)



Footprints on the Moon - About the Apollob> Computers

The computers that formed the basis of the Apollob> Guidance and Navigation System (AGS) were at the bleeding edge of technology in the 1960s.
As planned, the software rebooted and reinitialized the computer, and then restarted selected programs at a point in their execution flow near where they had been when the restart Apollob> 11, each time a 1201 or 1202 alarm appeared, the computer rebooted, restarted the important stuff, like steering the descent engine and occurred.
Because the computer had been programmed to recognize this data as being of secondary importance it would ignore it while doing more important computations.

http://www.abc.net.au/science/moon/computer.htm (1415 words)



NASA and ICs (Henry Spencer; Paul Dietz)

The computer in the Polaris missile came a bit earlier (and the Apollob> computer evolved from the Polaris computer to some extent, both being done by the same MIT group).
Using digital computers for Apollob> was a fairly bold step, and there was some debate about whether it was really a smart move.
When the Apollob> CSM design was rethought for Block II, a fair bit of Block I analog circuitry was scrapped in favor of adding more software in the computer.

http://yarchive.net/space/politics/nasa_and_ICs.html (1670 words)



Computers http

Apollob> Computer and Sun Microsystems, another early entrant in the work station market, optimized their machines to run the computer-intensive graphics programs common in engineering.
At the top of the line of computers — all of which emerged significantly faster and more dependable than vacuum tube machines — sat the 7030, also known as the "Stretch." Nine of the computers, which featured a 64-bit word and other innovations, were sold to national laboratories and other scientific users.
The first large-scale array computer, the ILLIAC IV achieved a computation speed of 200 million instructions per second, about 300 million operations per second, and 1 billion bits per second of I/O transfer via a unique combination of parallel architecture and the overlapping or "pipe-lining" structure of its 64 processing elements.

http://www.tomax7.com/aplus/computers_timeline2.htm (3504 words)



David Mandel's Comments on Prime Computers

Apollob> Computer went on to become a major computer company.
Still it is sad, because Prime Computer and it's sister company, Apollob> Computer, had excellent operating systems which fit many users needs better than Unix or any OS from MicroSoft.
The computer industry is an extremely unstable business where a slight technical or marketing advantage can leverage a small company to stardom overnight.

http://www.davidmandel.com/personal/prime.html (1406 words)



Ch7-2

In regard to consolidating all functions in one computer, IBM thought that the difficulties of integrating the two RCA computers, the DDP-224 display computer, and the telemetry reduction computers were excessive.
Computers in the mobile launchers could be used for checkout in the Assembly Building as well as at the pads, a foreshadowing of the later Launch Processing System.
Additionally, several Packard Bell computers connected to a common memory automatically checked out parts of the Saturn I. Use of a common memory as a computer interconnection device reappeared in several later systems and is critical to the success of the Shuttle's Launch Processing System.

http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/computers/Ch7-2.html (3746 words)



NASM Space Artifacts: Apollob> Display Keyboard (DSKY)

The Apollob> Guidance Computers, one installed on the Command and another on the Lunar Module, were designed by the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory (now known as the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory) based on its experience with supplying the guidance computer for the Polaris missile.
Nothing like the real-time interface required by the Apollob> computers was known.
Although computers did much of the "flying" automatically, astronaut interaction was essential to the success of all Apollob> missions.

http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/dsh/artifacts/GC-ApolloDSKY.htm (641 words)



Virtual AGC Home Page

The result is a computer model of the AGC which is itself capable of executing the original Apollob> software on (for example) a desktop PC.
Prior to the descent of Apollob> 14's LM to the lunar surface, a short in the LM control panel caused the abort switch to be triggered intermittently.
The AGC was the principal onboard computer for NASA's Apollob> missions, including all of the lunar landings.

http://www.ibiblio.org/apollo (5105 words)



8628

Indeed, the entire Apollob> network concept is based on transparency of the network and of the individual machine.
The O/S and other Apollob> software could be merged together to form cmpexe objects for many of the products.
For Apollob> users who need leading-edge workstations, the Series 700 would be an attractive addition to their Apollob> networks, but Hewlett Packard is not providing the Domain Operating System (Domain/OS) for these machines.

http://www.citi.umich.edu/apollo-archive/csa-archive/0086/8628 (4924 words)



Re: Where can I find information on the computers used by the Apollob> missions?

First, the primary navigation and guidance computer for the Apollob> missions was called the AGC = Apollob> Guidance Computer and, as the questioner states, was located physically in the Command Module (CM) and in the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM).
In this memory, each computer "word" is stored by a single magnetic core.
A second computer word is created by threading the same 16 wires in a different pattern, depending on the desired content of the word, either through or around a second core.

http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/aug99/935551364.Cs.r.html (960 words)



Apollob> Computers. Service that is out of this world!

Apollob> Computers also handles all aspects of website design, development and hosting.
Apollob> Computers designs, implements and supports all types of Local Area Networks, Wireless Networks, as well as Enterprise level Wide Area Networks.
We will evaluate your virus detection/protection software and your security practices to provide you with an understanding of how viruses could propagate through your system and how to protect against them.

http://www.apollocomp.com (210 words)



22921

The 700 series was the last attempt by HP to turn Domain-lovers onto HP-UX (their version of UNIX) by slapping the HP/Apollob> logo onto a computer which could only run HP-UX.
That's because what you have is NOT an Apollob> computer.
The 400 series are the last true Apollob> workstations, and they perform about as well as a 486-PC running LINUX.

http://www.umich.edu/~archive/apollo/csa-archive/0229/22921 (349 words)



Apollob> Domain Commands

Apollob> Domain routes are removed from the routing table if no routing updates are heard within eight times the value of the update interval (8 interval).
Apollob> Domain access lists are collections of permit and deny conditions that apply to defined Apollob> network and host numbers.
If you define an update timer for more than one interface in a router, the granularity of the update timer is determined by the lowest value defined for one of the interfaces in the router.

http://www.prz.tu-berlin.de/docs/misc/ciscodoc/data/doc/software/9_21/rpcr/79004.htm (2294 words)



Apollob> Computers - computer service and repair - Bowling Green, Kentucky - Home

Apollob> Computers - computer service and repair - Bowling Green, Kentucky - Home
Since 1988, our well-trained technicians have been helping individuals and businesses repair their computers and business equipment to meet their home or office needs.
Our CERTIFIED technicians install and maintain your business computer systems, and our friendly technical-support specialists assist you any time of the day with your questions and concerns.

http://www.apollocomputers-ky.com (220 words)



UM Apollob> Archive

It also includes various bug fixes for the Apollob> that are not in the GNU Emacs standard distribution.
Gzip uses UNSTRUCT as its filetype for compressed files, so Apollob> files may be safely zipped, moved to a UNIX system for storage, and retrieved and unzipped when needed.
Almost complete X11R5 for apollob> m68ksr10 machines, compiled with version 6.9 of cc in the bsd4.3 environment on a node running sr10.4 (and with shared libraries, that must be inlib'ed at system startup).

http://www.umich.edu/~archive/apollo (7194 words)



The Apollob> Guidance Computer (AGC)

The computer subsystem is composed of an Apollob> guidance computer (AGC), and two display and keyboard panels (DSKYs), which are part of the controls and displays.
The Apollob> guidance computer (AGC) is a digital computer using a two-part rope core memory.
When the guidance and navigation function is to be restored, the IMU and AGC are reactivated, with the AGC using the last computed velocity as the basis for further velocity computations.

http://www.apollosaturn.com/gnc.htm (10716 words)



apollob>.faq

Apollob> warns of input overrun errors when using the SPE ports at speeds above 4800 baud.
Apollob> "tar" tapes are readable on Suns, but with pre-SR10 tapes you may need to force the blocksize (if I can remember back to SR9, I think the Apollos were using a blocking factor of 1?) to match.
When Apollob> introduced their 8mm Exabyte drive, they wrote a new tape library to support the drive; and they did *not* add support for the drive to the existing "tfp_$" library.

http://www.avalon.net/~orpheus/Computers/apollo-doc/apollo.faq (18636 words)



Apollob> Workstations

Click here to view comments about other Apollob> computers.
The one on the left works as a gateway between ethernet and Apollob> Token Ring, apollob>'s proprietary network running at 12 MBps.
, the high-end Apollob> machine, fastest machine of its time, and rivaled with the high-end SGI's in graphics performance as well.

http://www.obsoletecomputermuseum.org/apollo (275 words)



arc-12789.html

The version 3.6b+ Apollob> implementations of PLOT3D (ARC-12789) and PLOT3D/TURB3D (ARC-12785) were developed for use on Apollob> computers running UNIX System V with BSD 4.3 extensions and the graphics library GMR3D Version 2.0.
The Apollob> implementation of PLOT3D uses some of the capabilities of Apollob>'s 3-dimensional graphics hardware, but does not take advantage of the shading and hidden line/surface removal capabilities of the Apollob> DN10000.
Using PLOT3D, CFD physicists can view their computational models from any angle, observing the physics of problems and the quality of solutions.

http://www.nttc.edu/cosmic/abstracts/arc-12789.html (757 words)



Apollob> Computers - computer service and repair - Bowling Green, Kentucky - Our Services

Apollob> Computers - computer service and repair - Bowling Green, Kentucky - Our Services
Whether you are looking for a custom made computer or a custom made laptop, we have the affordable services that you seek.
For an excellent variety of computer products and comprehensive services, visit our store or

http://www.apollocomputers-ky.com/363163.html (202 words)



Apollob> Domain DN300

The Apollob> supported "transparent virtual memory access," a form of clustering in which adding more Apollob> machines to a network improved performance.
It ran UNIX, FORTRAN, Pascal, and C, and had a bit- mapped color display (1024 x 1024), 16K cache, and 256MB virtual memory.

http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/apollo.html (145 words)



TCMR-V02.html

The micrologic version of the Apollob> computer was constructed and tested in mid 1962 to discover the problems that the circuits might exhibit when used in large numbers.
It wasn't clear whether it was possible to develop the mathematics and speed of computation necessary to bring two vehicles together at a precise point in space and time-a critical issue for the Apollob> missions successful landing on the moon and return to Earth.
A general purpose digital computer would be required to handle the data and computational needs of the spacecraft.

http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/TheCompMusRep/TCMR-V02.html (3657 words)



NASM Space Artifacts: Apollob> Guidance Computer, Block I

Block I computers played a transitional role in Apollob>, and as such are of secondary importance to their successors that were used in manned missions.
The result was the designation of "Block I" to the computers of the original design, and "Block II" to the later design that was installed on the Command and Lunar Modules that carried human beings.
The "Block I" Apollob> Guidance Computer represented the initial design by the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory to meet NASA specifications for on-board Guidance, Navigation, and Control needed for a Lunar Mission.

http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/dsh/artifacts/GC-ApolloBlock1.htm (489 words)



Parallel Computing Optimization in the Apollob> Domain Network

The performance of parallel computing in a network of Apollob> workstations where the processes use the remote procedure call (RPC) mechanism for communication is addressed.
Parallel Computing Optimization in the Apollob> Domain Network
[5] L. Nelson and J. Leach, "The architecture and applications of the Apollob> domain," IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Apr. 1984.

http://csdl2.computer.org/persagen/DLAbsToc.jsp?resourcePath=/dl/trans/ts/&toc=comp/trans/ts/1992/04/e4toc.xml&DOI=10.1109/32.129218 (329 words)



Apollob> Guidance Computer biography .ms

Block I was used during the unmanned Apollob> 4 and 6 flights, and was slated for the ill-fated Apollob> I. The decision to expand the memory and instruction set for Block II, but to retain the Block I's restrictive 3-bit op code and 12-bit address had interesting design consequences.
Amongst the computer's other error codes was the very first '404_error', albeit that error 00404 was shorthand for "IMU orientation unknown".
The Apollob> flight computer was the first to use integrated circuits (ICs).

http://apollo-guidance-computer.biography.ms (3938 words)

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Topic: <b>Apollo</b>

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