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| Â | Atom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | The mass number, atomic mass number, or nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom of that element, because each proton or neutron essentially has a mass of 1 amu. | | | The atomic mass listed for each element in the periodic table is an average of the isotope masses found in nature, weighted by their abundance. | | | The atomic orbital wavefunctions of a hydrogen atom. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom
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| Â | Atomic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In computer science, an atomic operation is one that cannot be subdivided. | | | In order theory an atom is an abstract generalization of a singleton set in set theory and an atomic element provides an abstract generalization of the ability to select an element from a non-empty set. | | | Atomic is also an Australian computing and technology magazine. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic
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| Â | Atomic Physics on the Internet |
| | Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Group at the Research Laboratory of Electronics and Atomic Physics Group in Spectroscopy Laboratory at MIT | | | Atomic Collisions and Spectroscopy Laboratory at the University of Connecticut, Storrs | | | Atomic and Molecular Physics and Atom Optics and Quantum Optics Laboratory at the University of Texas, Dallas |
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http://plasma-gate.weizmann.ac.il/API.html
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| Â | Atomic transaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | As another example, the vipw program on some Unix-like operating systems uses a lock file to force atomic editing of the password file by one user at a time, as well as providing other guarantees about the state of the file. | | | In computing, an atomic transaction is a database transaction or a hardware transaction which either completely occurs, or completely fails to occur. | | | Typically, atomicity is implemented by providing some mechanism to indicate which transactions have been started and finished, or by keeping a copy of the data before any changes were made. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_transaction
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| Â | a simple view of atomic structure |
| | The atomic number is tied to the position of the element in the Periodic Table and therefore the number of protons defines what sort of element you are talking about. | | | The atomic number counts the number of protons (9); the mass number counts protons + neutrons (19). | | | Isotopes are atoms which have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. |
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http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/properties/gcse.html
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| Â | Database transaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | If one of the queries fails the database system may rollback either the entire transaction or just the failed query. | | | A single transaction might require several queries, each reading and/or writing information in the database. | | | When this happens it is usually important to be sure that the database is not left with only some of the queries carried out. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_transaction
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| Â | Atomic semantics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Atomic semantics are defined formally in Lamport's "On Interprocess Communication" Distributed Computing 1, 2 (1986), 77-101. | | | Atomic Semantics is a term which describes the guarantees provided by a data register shared by several processors in a parallel machine or in a network of computers working together. | | | Atomic semantics are defined for a variable with a single writer but multiple readers. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_semantics
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| Â | XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Formal Semantics |
| | An atomic value is a value in the value space of one of the [XML Schema Part 2] atomic types (that is, a primitive simple type that is not derived by list or union). | | | The corresponding atomic type value may be a value in the value space of one of the 19 primitive XML Schema types. | | | Subtyping plays a crucial role in the semantics of function application since all functions have an associated signature that declares the types of input parameters and the type of the result of the function. |
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http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-query-semantics-20021115
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| Â | Semantics |
| | Herbrand semantics are important in relational databases and logic programming and are at the heart of literal approaches to literary interpretation. | | | A fourth approach, Kripke semantics, is used to provide semantics for modal logics and is often called possible world semantics. | | | The concept of semantics or meaning is illustrated in Figure 1 where an element of a language is mapped to an object in some structure and it is this mapping or association that provides the meaning. |
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http://cs.wwc.edu/~aabyan/Logic/semantics.html
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| Â | Design of a dynamic configurable transaction framework |
| | Since the atomic transaction framework should be applicable in a large and complex information system, the flexibility and the extensibility of the framework is in fact a crucial issue. | | | Whether the atomic object considers the system and/or application requirements and to what extent this is done, depends as in the case of PolicyManager on the selection criteria of the atomic object. | | | Atomic transactions have proven to be useful for preserving the consistency in many applications like airline reservation systems, banking systems, office automation systems, database systems and operating systems. |
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http://wwwhome.cs.utwente.nl/~bedir/papers/oopslaws/wstrans.html
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| Â | Journaled Files and Transactions |
| | Because all operations on journaled files are atomic, the operations either completely succeed or completely fail. | | | When using isolation level 2, the filesystem guarantees that if another program is in the process of changing the data that is being read then the read will not return until the other application’s transaction is either committed or rolled back. | | | Transactions build on this ability of journaled files to enable sets of operations to be treated as a single operation on one or more files. |
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http://www.basis-documentation.com/usr2/journaled_files_and_transactions.htm
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| Â | CS 561a: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence |
| | oAn atomic sentence predicate(term1, …, termn) is true iff the relation referred to by predicate holds between the objects referred to by term1, …, termn |
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http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/dstrahma/cs334/lect8_files/slide0144.htm
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| Â | Deep blue atomic filter with intrinsic solar background reduction - US Patent 5060085 |
| | The invention relates to supression of solar background in laser receivers that utilize atomic resonance transitions as an ultranarrowband optical filter and more particularly to a filter which is based on transitions in calcium and overlaps the g Fraunhofer line at 422.674 nm in the deep blue spectral region. | | | Gelbwachs, "Active Wavelength--Shifting in Atomic Resonance Filters", scheduled for publication in June 1990 issue of the IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics. | | | An optical atomic resonance filter using a pump laser, a buffer gas and calcium as an atomic vapor converts signals at the g Fraunhofer wavelength (422.674 nm) to UV light which is readily detectable by high sensitivity, large area, low noise, conventional photomultiplier tubes. |
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http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5060085.html
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| Â | Multi-master bus system performing atomic transactions and method of operating same - Patent 6189061 |
| | wherein the arbiter comprises logic for increasing a priority of the master of the atomic transaction due to a signal from the memory controller until the arbitration for the transaction subsequent to the atomic transaction. | | | an atomic transaction, bus 12 is granted subsequently to the initiating master for performing a closing transaction by the initiating master on bus 12. | | | During the operation of bus 12, arbitrating of bus 12 is performed by arbiter 30, which grants bus 12 to an initiating master who wins the arbitration. |
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http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6189061.html
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| Â | KIF: Re: SUO: KIF syntax and semantics and a basic ontology |
| | To illustrate, suppose that, in a given >;; interpretation I, the semantic value of the variable `@args' is the >;; series [a,b]. | | | Hence, for >;; example, `(father-of ?x)' (where this expression is now viewed as a >;; term) might be undefined for some values of `?x', and the semantics >;; of classical logic does not permit undefined terms. | | | A technical document describing the semantics in detail is >in preparation. |
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http://grimpeur.tamu.edu/pipermail/kif/2001-March/000561.html
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| Â | BBC NEWS Science/Nature Atomic ticker clocks up 50 years |
| | Atomic time is crucial for a plethora of telecommunications and computing applications, such as coordinating packets of data which are transferred across the net, global positioning satellite (GPS) systems and mobile telephony. | | | As optical atomic clocks develop, however, they may start to appear in ground stations, then in future generations of satellite systems, which then means sub-metre precision location, even when an object or person is on the move. | | | Optical atomic clocks, therefore, have greater potential in improving the performance of global positioning satellite systems to the sub-metre level, according to Professor Gill. |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4587919.stm
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| Â | Esperpento |
| | Atomic transactions are a fundamental building block solution for a vast number of software problems. | | | Some have extended the concept to implement distributed atomic transactions, taking variations of the two-phase commit protocol and mapping them to (generally proprietary) protocol transports. | | | Atomic transactions exist to provide a solution to a common business problem: how to ensure the ACID properties (most notably atomicity) across multiple stores or resources that are used inside a single unit of work. |
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http://blogs.msdn.com/esperpento/default.aspx
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| Â | Web Services Transaction (WS-Transaction) (Global XML Web Services Specifications) |
| | The Atomic Transaction specification defines protocols that enable existing transaction processing systems to wrap their proprietary protocols and interoperate across different hardware and software vendors. | | | It is relatively inexpensive to abort and retry an atomic transaction. | | | In contrast to atomic transactions, the participant list is dynamic and a participant may exit the protocol at any time before voting on the outcome. |
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http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/dnglobspec/html/ws-transaction.asp?frame=true
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| Â | Atomic transaction |
| | As another example, the vipasswd program on some Unix-like operating systems uses a lock file to force atomic editing of the password file by one user at a time, as well as providing other guarantees about the state of the file. | | | For example, when transferring an amount from bank account A to account B, if the machine loses power, it is best that neither account's balance be changed, so typically an atomic transaction would be used. | | | Typically, atomicity is implemented by providing some mechanism to indicate which transactions have been started and finished, or by keeping a copy of the data before any changes were made. |
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http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/atomic_transaction
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| Â | (eic-14) First off, 4 |
| | They're the tips of atomic force microscopes, and they can form and read depressions so small that this thermomechanical storage technique can store hundreds of gigabits/square inch - perhaps as much as one terabit/square inch, which is well beyond the currently anticipated magnetic recording limit of perhaps 150 gigabits/square inch. | | | It isn't that our next generation of CPUs work on atomic scale, but prophetic is a statement by one of the molecule's creators, Dr. Héctor Abruña, prophetic: "As chemists, we can deliberately design and manipulate molecules to achieve a specific function. | | | Lobbying against software patents is the Eurolinux Alliance, an organization committed to open-source software development. |
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http://www.fleabyte.org/eic-14.html
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| Â | ONJava.com -- Atomic File Transactions, Part 1 |
| | All of these programs will (and do) work without atomicity, but all would be more robust with it. | | | But they do not ensure that file writes are atomic: once you overwrite some data in a file, you can't get it back. | | | Atomicity is crucial for writing correct software in many applications; for example, a bank's software may implement a transfer from account A to account B as a withdrawal from A followed by a deposit to B. If the first action happens, then the second had better happen as well. |
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http://www.onjava.com/pub/a/onjava/2001/11/07/atomic.html
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| Â | 80.text |
| | However, the semantics are based on a far less complex timing model: RT-Level description described by output and state transition functions. | | | Very often, semantics of hardware description languages are not as precise as they should be. | | | In simplified terms, the differences between these three classes are as follows: On their way from position c0 to c0, the type A statement never, the type B statement sometimes and the type C statement always reaches a wait statement (see figure 2). |
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http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/vvv/1996/informatik/80/80.text
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| Â | Reiser4 Transaction Design Document |
| | Atomically writing a large buffer over pre-existing contents requires a large space reservation, reservation that is not required by the write semantics (this does not apply to create or append). | | | After performing this computation, we know the set of deallocate-affected blocks that were not committed by any repossessing atoms; these deallocations are then reapplied to the on-disk bitmap blocks. | | | Copy-on-capture is an optimization not performed in ReiserFS version 3 (which creates a copy of each dirty page at commit), but in that version the optimization is less important because the copying does not apply to unformatted nodes. |
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http://www.namesys.com/txn-doc.html
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| Â | h4.html |
| | I.e., the semantics of disjunction is defined by the truth table: | | | Fix the semantics of an implication by a truth table | | | Fix the semantics of an equivalence by a truth table |
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http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~mmk/Teaching/MathLogic/h4.html
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| Â | 22C:116, Lecture 30, Fall 2002 |
| | If the atomic transaction support is properly integrated into a trusted protocol implementation (typically at the session level, because the transaction itself is a kind of session), the issue of trust is resolved. | | | The two phase model of an atomic transaction discussed at the end of the last lecture ensures that, if there is a deadlock, the transactions involved will be blocked prior to any changes they might intend to make. | | | Locks are transient; if the server fails, all transactions are aborted and all locks released; this is most easily assured if locks are stored in transient memory and not out on disk with any permanent data. |
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http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/opsys/notes/30.html
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| Â | XML.com: XML Transactions for Web Services, Part 2 |
| | The success of the atomic whole is normally referred to as a "Commit" operation, while the failure of any single activity results in a "Rollback" of the set of activities which constitutes the AT. | | | A transaction should take a little time as possible, freeing locked database resources as soon as possible. | | | If transactions are not isolated, other database operations and transactions may alter the database during the execution of one transaction, thus producing inconsistent or inaccurate results. |
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http://webservices.xml.com/lpt/a/ws/2003/04/29/transactions.html
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| Â | Papers of D. Duggan |
| | The calculus incorporates notions of atomic failure and failure dependencies, from which various forms of distributed transactions and optimistic computation may be built. | | | A type-based semantics for user-defined marshalling in polymorphic languages. | | | The semantics of this are expressed in an internal language with recursion and dynamic type dispatch at both the term and type levels. |
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http://guinness.cs.stevens-tech.edu/~dduggan/Public/Papers
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| Â | DCE 1.1: Directory Services - Information Model |
| | The contents and parsing rules for a component are defined by the semantics of the name space of which the component is a member. | | | Each attribute is determined by its type, and its value (or set of values) represents an instance of this class of information. | | | The protocols used to resolve the next name space reference pointers are not specified in this document (though it is anticipated that such protocols will be supported in the future). |
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http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9629499/chap01.htm
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