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Universal Time - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nowadays, UT in relation to <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time (TAI) is determined by Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations of distant quasars, a method which has an accuracy of micro-seconds.
Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB), a form of <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time, is now used in the construction of the ephemerides of the planets and other solar system objects, for two main reasons.
UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) is the <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> standard on which civil time is based.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time (1309 words)



Coordinated Universal Time - Open Encyclopedia

UTC bases time measurement on <bb>>atomicb>bb>> standards rather than GMT's celestial ones.
Because the rotation of the Earth slows down, GMT lags behind <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time, measured by <bb>>atomicb>bb>> clocks.
<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> standard UTC time can only be determined to the highest precision after the fact, as <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time is determined by the reconciliation of the observed differences between an ensemble of <bb>>atomicb>bb>> clocks maintained by a number of national time bureaux.

http://open-encyclopedia.com/Coordinated_Universal_Time (637 words)



The Time of Internet - Universal Coordinated Time

The UTC time flows essentially like the <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time (TAI), when the difference with the universal time (UT) approach 1 second, it is inserted 1 second, called leap second, into the UTC time scale in such a way to keep this difference below 0.9 second.
Since 1900, the year when 1 mean solar second= 1 <bb>>atomicb>bb>> second, until today, the mean solar day is grown 0.002 <bb>>atomicb>bb>> second longer and consequently the universal time has a delay of about 1 second every 500 days in comparison with the <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time.
To take into account this progressive phase displacement between the two time scales and to not give up the high accuracy offered by <bb>>atomicb>bb>> clocks, in 1972 it was found a compromise that led to the definition of the Universal Coordinated Time (UTC), currently used as the official time measurement in the world.

http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/utctime.html (357 words)



Coordinated Universal Time

The reference used is <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time (TAI), a timescale calculated at the BIPM using, in 2000, data from some two hundred atomicclocks in over fifty national laboratories.
These leap seconds areinserted on the advice of the <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> Earth Rotation Service (IERS) (http://hpiers.obspm.fr)to ensure that, on average over the years, the Sun is overhead within 0.9seconds of 12:00:00 UTC on the meridian of Greenwich.
<bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Clock Time Servers For Computers and Networks

http://www.taaclock.fsnet.co.uk/atomic-clock/atomic_time.htm (435 words)



Time - Free Encyclopedia

There are several continuous time scales in current use: Universal Time, <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time (TAI), which is the basis for other time scales, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which is the standard for civil time, Terrestrial Time (TT), etc. Mankind has invented calendars to track the passages of days, weeks, months, and years.
The work humanity has done to increasingly understand the nature and measurement of time, through the work of making and improving calendars and clocks, has been a major engine of scientific discovery.
also-- block time, Network Time Protocol, philosophy of physics, real-time, spacetime, The Time Machine, time and frequency transfer, time code, time domain, time machine, Time Magazine, Peter Lynds and time, time management, time travel, time-sharing, the age of the Earth, orders of magnitude (time), eternity, time capsule, Wikibooks:English:Time

http://www.wacklepedia.com/t/ti/time.html (845 words)



Coordinated Universal Time - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

UTC is derived from <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time (TAI), which is a time scale tracking proper time on the surface of the Earth with no reference to the rotation of the Earth.
Because UTC is a discontinuous timescale, it is not possible to compute the exact time interval elapsed between two UTC timestamps without consulting a table that describes how many leap seconds occurred during that interval.
Since the NATO phonetic alphabet and amateur radio word for Z is "Zulu", UT is sometimes known as Zulu time.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time (2833 words)



Coordinated Universal Time -- Encyclopædia Britannica

<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time (abbreviated TAI, from the name in French) is based on a system consisting of about six primary, laboratory-constructed, cesium-beam <bb>>atomicb>bb>>...
Universal Time replaced the designation Greenwich Mean Time in 1928; it is now used to denote the solar time (q.v.) when an accuracy of about one second suffices.
Mean solar time, kept by most clocks and watches, is the solar time that would be measured by observation if the Sun traveled at a uniform apparent speed throughout the year rather than, as it actually does, at a slightly...

http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026164 (883 words)



GPS World: Time and frequency dissemination: advances in GPS transfer techniques

Once a month, BIPM uses these data to produce the standard <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> references for frequency and time, <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time (TAI) and UTC, which is equal in rate to TAI, but adjusted by an integer number of seconds to account for variations in the rotation of the Earth.
A timing user operating from a known fixed location can derive time from GPS using just one satellite, and with averaging, a timing accuracy of a few nanoseconds is possible.
In any event, the intention has always been that time would be derived by first computing the user position and time offset relative to GPS Time, and then applying the UTC correction terms, including the integer seconds offset.

http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BPW/is_11_15/ai_n9770116 (1410 words)



Systems of Time

TAI is the <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time scale, a statistical timescale based on a large number of <bb>>atomicb>bb>> clocks.
<bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time, with the unit of duration the Systeme <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> (SI) second defined as the duration of 9,192,631,770 cycles of radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of cesium 133.
Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB), is the independent argument of ephemerides and dynamical theories that are referred to the solar system barycenter.

http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/systime.html (560 words)



Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

The Temps Atomique <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> (TAI) is the <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time scale derived by the Bureau <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> des Poids et Mesures (BIPM); its unit interval is exactly one second of the Systeme <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> d'Unites (SI) at sea level.
It is a compromise between the highly stable <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time and the irregular earth rotation.
Universal Time UT1 is the time of the earth clock, which performs one revolution in about 24h.It has short term instabilities at the level of 10

http://www.iers.org/iers/earth/rotation/utc/utc.html (288 words)



Coordinated Universal Time

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) differs from <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time by an integral number of seconds; it is maintained within 0.9 seconds of UT1 (see Universal Time) by introduction of Leap Seconds.
See also <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time; Universal Time; ZULU Time.
(DOD) An <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time scale that is the basis for broadcast time signals.

http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/c/01317.html (97 words)



Universal Time

TAI, <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time, which is calculated statistically by the BIPM from results of <bb>>atomicb>bb>> clocks maintained by various nations all over the world.
The unpredictable addition of leap-seconds, however, creates a problem for computer timekeeping, especially Global Positioning Systems, resulting in a call for broadcasting some form of <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time, not UTC.
Later the IAU decided that as of 1 January 1956, there would be three versions of Universal Time (the CGPM adopted these in 1960).

http://www.sizes.com/time/time_universal.htm (848 words)



Time Standards

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is a coordinated time scale maintained by the Bureau <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), which forms the basis of a coordinated dissemination of standard frequencies and time signals.
Scientists try to keep the <bb>>atomicb>bb>> clocks, which are based on the vibration rates of cesium or hydrogen atoms, within nine-tenths of a second of the Earth's rotation time.
Good news for all those computer engineers scrambling to reprogram the world's computers before the year 2000 strikes: You'll have one second more time than you thought to get the job done.

http://www.beaglesoft.com/mainfaqtime.htm (2368 words)



World Time Scales

In an earlier decision prompted by their own interests and by pressures for a standard timekeeping system from the scientific community — meteorologists, geophysicists and astronomers — the U.S. railroad industry anticipated the <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> accord when they implemented a "Standard Railway Time System" on November 18, 1883.
A compromise time scale was eventually devised, and on January 1, 1972, the new Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) became effective internationally.
UTC runs at the rate of the <bb>>atomicb>bb>> clocks, but when the difference between this <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time and one based on the Earth approaches one second, a one second adjustment (a "leap second") is made in UTC.

http://physics.nist.gov/GenInt/Time/world.html (646 words)



Time Card - Best prices

There are several continuous time scales in current use: universal time, <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time tai, which is the basis for other time scales, coordinated universal time utc, which is the basis for civil time, terrestrial time tt, etc humankind has invented calendars to track the passages of days, weeks, months, and years.
On the other hand, a large number of biometric devices based on retinal scans have been installed in prisons and other highly secure environments.
Voice recognition gives a computer the ability to understand spoken instructions.

http://www.timeclockeshop.com/Time-Card.html (646 words)



USNO Preprint Library

Near-term Time Transfer Technologies and <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time (TAI)
Time Transfer Methodologies for <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time (TAI)
Time and Frequency Activities at the U.S. Naval Observatory

http://ad.usno.navy.mil/edboard/preprints.html (453 words)



TWSTFT

The <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) outside Paris make use of the technique in cooperation with national laboratories to compare <bb>>atomicb>bb>> clocks as well as for the calculation of the <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time scales TAI and UTC.
The technique is active in contrast to GPS, that is, time signals are transferred between laboratories via satellite transponders.
About 15-20 time laboratories use the TWSTFT method presently, and SP is one of them.

http://www.sp.se/metrology/timefreq/eng/TWSTFT.htm (221 words)



<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> Association of Geodesy

Reference time scales <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time (TAI) and Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) have been computed regularly and have been published in the monthly BIPM Circular T.
Since April 2000 two modifications had been implemented: a new model to characterise the instability of the free <bb>>atomicb>bb>> scale EAL, and a more complete representation of the uncertainty of the deviation of the TAI scale interval relative to that of the Terrestrial Time TT.
Following the recommendations of the Consultative Committee on Time and Frequency, changes were implemented to render the data used in TAI, as well as the results, more accessible to the users and to make the procedures of calculation even more transparent and traceable.

http://www.astro.oma.be/IAG/SV9_NEW.htm (790 words)



Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

NOTE: The word order of Coordinated Universal Time versus the UTC abbreviation (out of order) is intentional -- established by the Bureau <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> de l'Heure (<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> Time Bureau) as a language-independent abbreviation.
UT -- An abbreviation (for Universal Time) that should be used to show approximation of all the below.
<bb>>Atomicb>bb>> clock-- usually multiple clocks that count seconds (average of all clocks in system) based on the frequency of the cesium 133 atom (Cs) which oscillates at 9,192,631,770 Hertz.

http://copradar.com/preview/timeuct.html (467 words)



UTC - Coordinated Universal Time

UTC is defined such that it differs from <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time (IAT) by an exact whole number of seconds.
the rate is defined relative to <bb>>atomicb>bb>> clock rate but the epoch is defined relative to Universal Time.
The accepted abbreviation for "Universal Coordinated Time." This is standard time in Greenwich, England, which is used as a reference time for day and date calculations.

http://www.auditmypc.com/acronym/UTC.asp (323 words)



Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As of 2003 TWSTFT is being evaluated as an alternative to be used by the Bureau <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> des Poids et Mesures in the determination of <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time (TAI), as a complement to the current standard method of simultaneous observations of GPS transmissions.
Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT) is a high-precision long distance time and frequency transfer mechanism used between time bureaux to determine and distribute time and frequency standards.
This page was last modified 19:17, 25 April 2005.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Way_Satellite_Time_and_Frequency_Transfer (109 words)



Coordinated Universal Time Definition. Define Coordinated Universal Time. What is Coordinated Universal Time?

UTC is derived from {<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time} (TAI) by the addition of a whole number of "leap seconds" to synchronise it with {Universal Time} 1 (UT1), thus allowing for the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit, the rotational axis tilt (23.5 degrees), but still showing the Earth's irregular rotation, on which UT1 is based.
It is used in aeroplane and ship navigation, where it also sometimes known by the military name, "Zulu time".
There are no recommended books at this time.

http://www.learnthat.com/define/view.asp?id=1477 (236 words)



Definition: coordinated universal time

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC): Time scale, based on the second (SI), as defined and recommended by the CCIR, and maintained by the Bureau <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> des Poids et Mesures (BIPM).
Twice yearly, during the last minute of the day of June 30 and December 31, Universal Time, adjustments may be made to ensure that the accumulated difference between UTC and UT-1 will not exceed 0.9 s before the next scheduled adjustment.
Note 4: Adjustments to the <bb>>atomicb>bb>>, i.e., UTC, time scale consist of an occasional addition or deletion of one full second, which is called a leap second.

http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-009/_1277.htm (257 words)



ipedia.com: Time and frequency transfer Article

The technique is commonly used for creating and distributing standard time scales such as <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time (TAI).
Time and frequency transfer describes mechanisms for comparing measurements of time and frequency from one location to another.
Time transfer by simultaneous observation of radio astronomy signals

http://www.ipedia.com/time_and_frequency_transfer.html (118 words)



Coordinated Universal Time - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Time zones around the world are expressed as positive and negative offsets from UT. UTC differs by an integral number of seconds from <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time (TAI), as measured by <bb>>atomicb>bb>> clocks and a fractional number of seconds from UT.
<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> standard UTC time can only be determined to the highest precision after the fact, as <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time is determined by the reconciliation of the observed differences between an ensemble of <bb>>atomicb>bb>> clocks maintained by a number of national time bureaus.
UTC is a hybrid time scale: the rate of UTC is based on <bb>>atomicb>bb>> frequency standards but the epoch of UTC is synchronized to remain close to astronomical UT.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC (866 words)



Coordinated Universal Time - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> standard UTC time can only be determined to the highest precision after the fact, as <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time is determined by the reconciliation of the observed differences between an ensemble of <bb>>atomicb>bb>> clocks maintained by a number of national time bureaus.
Time zones around the world are expressed as positive and negative offsets from UT. UTC differs by an integral number of seconds from <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time (TAI), as measured by <bb>>atomicb>bb>> clocks and a fractional number of seconds from UT.
UTC is a hybrid time scale: the rate of UTC is based on <bb>>atomicb>bb>> frequency standards but the epoch of UTC is synchronized to remain close to astronomical UT.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC (866 words)



usatomicclocktime

This "Us <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Clock Time" information is definitely "cutting edge." Whenever you want to come back to this fun "Us <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Clock Time" site just click here and you'll be blown away by what happens next.
Libby (US), for <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time clock to measure age of objects by measuring their radioactivity Physics: Donald A. Glaser (US), for invention of ""bubble chamber"" to study subatomic particles...
Contact us Search: > You are here: scientific work> time> <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time Summary <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> <bb>>Atomicb>bb>> Time Clock comparisons Joint...

http://www.hrtimeclock.com/usatomicclocktime (866 words)



Coordinated Universal Time - definition of Coordinated Universal Time in Encyclopedia

<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> standard UTC time can only be determined to the highest precision after the fact, as <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time is determined by the reconciliation of the observed differences between an ensemble of <bb>>atomicb>bb>> clocks maintained by a number of national time bureaux.
Coordinated Universal Time or UTC, also sometimes referred to as " Zulu time ", the basis for civil time, differs by an integral number of seconds from <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time and a fractional number of seconds from UT1.
The UTC time zone is sometimes denoted by the letter Z since the equivalent nautical time zone (GMT) has been denoted by Z since about 1950, and by a "zone description" of zero hours since 1920.

http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Coordinated_Universal_Time (866 words)



NodeWorks - Encyclopedia: Coordinated Universal Time

<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>Internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> standard UTC time can only be determined to the highest precision after the fact, as <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time is determined by the reconciliation of the observed differences between an ensemble of <bb>>atomicb>bb>> clocks maintained by a number of national time bureaus.
Time zones around the world are expressed as positive and negative offsets from UT. UTC differs by an integral number of seconds from <bb>>atomicb>bb>> time and a fractional number of seconds from UT1.
UTC also stands for the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Coordinated Universal Time or UTC, also sometimes referred to as "Zulu time", is an <bb>>atomicb>bb>> realization of Universal Time or Greenwich mean time, the astronomical basis for civil time.

http://pedia.nodeworks.com/C/CO/COO/Coordinated_Universal_Time (574 words)



Time Scales

Despite resolutions calling for an <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> and interdisciplinary committee to study options for radio broadcast time signals, in 1969 CCIR study committee VII-1 unilaterally deemed that radio time signals should broadcast <bb>>atomicb>bb>> seconds with occasional full second leaps.
In the new, globally self-consistent world of coordinates based on VLBI and satellite geodesy the longitude of Greenwich ceased to be zero, and the timekeeping role formerly held by the Greenwich meridian was conceptually assumed by the nearby, but tectonically moving <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> meridian.
Other localities changed their laws to adopt UTC as the basis for legal time after the IAU, CGPM, and other <<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>internationalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> organizations recommended its use.

http://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/timescales.html (12416 words)

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