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Universal <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine in XSLT

The <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine moves its tape head one symbol to the left or to the right, or does not move the tape head, depending on the value of the 'movement' attribute that is returned by the transition function.
If the <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine moves the tape head to the left of the leftmost symbol, then a blank symbol is inserted at the beginning of the tape and this new blank symbol becomes the current symbol.
If the <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine moves the tape head to the right of the rightmost symbol, then a blank symbol is appended to the end of the tape and this new blank symbol becomes the current symbol.

http://www.unidex.com/turing/utm.htm (914 words)



Tools for Thought by Howard Rheingold: Chapter One

<bb>>Turingb>bb>> proved that his hypothetical machine is an automated version of a formal system specified by the starting position (the pattern of Os and Xs on the tape at the beginning of the computation) and the rules (the instructions given by the instruction tables).
<bb>>Turingb>bb>>'s theoretical machine was both an example of his theory of computation and a proof that a certain kind of computing machine could, in fact, be constructed.
<bb>>Turingb>bb>> then asks us to substitute a machine for one of the unknown players and make a new object for the game: This time, the interrogator is to guess, on the basis of the teletyped conversation, which inhabitant of the other room is a human being and which one is a machine.

http://www.well.com/user/hlr/texts/tft3.html (6936 words)



<bb>>Turingb>bb>> test - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Described by Alan <bb>>Turingb>bb>> in the 1950 paper "Computing machinery and intelligence", it proceeds as follows: a human judge engages in a natural language conversation with two other parties, one a human and the other a machine; if the judge cannot reliably tell which is which, then the machine is said to pass the test.
<bb>>Turingb>bb>> replies by stating that this is confusing laws of behaviour with general rules of conduct, and that if on a broad enough scale (such as is evident in man) machine behaviour would become increasingly difficult to predict.
<bb>>Turingb>bb>> contradicts this by arguing that Lady Lovelace's assumption was affected by the context from which she wrote, and if exposed to more contemporary scientific knowledge, it would become evident that the brain's storage is quite similar to that of a computer.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test (2024 words)



Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind - <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine

The <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine has had a central role in theories of computation and computability since the mid 1930s when they were introduced as a rigorous means of defining the concept of 'method' (or algorithm) by Alan <bb>>Turingb>bb>>.
<bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine computable functions are all the computable functions there are).
In other words, <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machines can compute any function that is computable, assuming that both the tape and time are infinite.

http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~philos/MindDict/turingmachine.html (632 words)



Alan <bb>>Turingb>bb>>, the Inventor of Software

Attempting to resolve a long-standing debate over whether any one method could prove or disprove all mathematical statements, <bb>>Turingb>bb>> invoked the notion of a "universal machine" that could be given instructions to perform a variety of tasks.
<bb>>Turingb>bb>> spoke of a "machine" only abstractly, as a sequence of steps to be executed.
: the image above is the Enigma machine used by the Germans, not the one built by <bb>>Turingb>bb>>.

http://radio.weblogs.com/0105910/2004/05/11.html (603 words)



<bb>>Turingb>bb>>'s World: More Information (1)

Introduced by Alan <bb>>Turingb>bb>> in 1936, <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machines are one of the key abstractions used in modern computability theory, the study of what computers can and cannot do.
A <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine is a particularly simple kind of computer, one whose operations are limited to reading and writing symbols on a tape, or moving along the tape to the left or right.
Despite their simplicity, <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machines can be designed to compute remarkably complex functions.

http://www-csli.stanford.edu/hp/Turing1.html (536 words)



Alan Mathison <bb>>Turingb>bb>>

<bb>>Turingb>bb>>'s ultimate goal was to merge already established biological theory with mathematics and computers to create his intelligent, multi-purpose machine.
The <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine that he envisioned is essentially the same as today's multi-purpose computers.
He inspired the now common terms of "The <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine" and "<bb>>Turingb>bb>>'s Test." As a mathematician he applied the concept of the algorithm to digital computers.

http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Turing.html (1876 words)



A <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine in Conway's Game of Life, extendable to a Universal <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine

The basic design has a Universal <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine in mind so design expands easily to 16 states and 8 symbols.
The design for this <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine is extendible by expanding the size of the Finite State Machine part and storing different numbers in the memory cells.
It is a very simple <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine as it is limited to 3 states and 3 symbols.

http://rendell.server.org.uk/gol/tm.htm (567 words)



Alan <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Page

It introduced the idea of a universal machine, now known as a "<bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine", that could execute a series of operations on sequences of binary digits.
In 1936 <bb>>Turingb>bb>> published one of this century's most significant mathematical papers "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidundsproblem (the problem of decidability)".
After the war <bb>>Turingb>bb>> worked on the Automatic Computing Engine at the National Physical Laboratory.

http://www.lambda.net/~maximum/turing.html (506 words)



Alan <bb>>Turingb>bb>>

He expanded this idea to show that there exists a "universal" <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine, a machine which can calculate any number and function, given the appropriate instructions.
To answer these questions <bb>>Turingb>bb>> extracted from the ordinary process of computation the essential parts and formulated these in terms of a theoretical machine, known as the <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine.
<bb>>Turingb>bb>> became very interested in the problem of computability.

http://www.math.sfu.ca/histmath/Europe/20thCenturyAD/Turing.html (787 words)



Peter Suber, "<bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machines I"

<bb>>Turingb>bb>> machines are one of the earliest and most intuitive ways to make precise the naive notion of effective computability.
If we want a <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine to compute a function and write its output, then we will want to know which string of "1's" on the tape should be read as that output.
<bb>>Turingb>bb>> machines were conceived by Alan <bb>>Turingb>bb>> (1912-1954) in his important paper, "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem," Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 2d Series, 42 (1936) 230-65.

http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/courses/logsys/turing.htm (2638 words)



<bb>>Turingb>bb>> test -- Encyclopædia Britannica

<bb>>Turingb>bb>> was a founding father of modern cognitive science and a leading early exponent of the hypothesis that the human brain is in large part a digital computing machine.
In 1950, the British mathematician and computer pioneer Alan <bb>>Turingb>bb>> declared that one day there would be a machine that could duplicate human intelligence in every way and prove it by passing a specialized test.
In 1950 <bb>>Turingb>bb>> sidestepped the traditional debate concerning the definition of intelligence, introducing a practical test for computer intelligence that is now known simply as the <bb>>Turingb>bb>> test.

http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9001511 (829 words)



<bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An abstract version of the universal <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine is the universal function, a computable function which can be used to calculate any other computable function.
Algorithms running on <bb>>Turingb>bb>>-equivalent abstract machines are usually more general than their counterparts running on real machines, because they have arbitrary-precision data types available and never have to deal with unexpected conditions (including, but not limited to, running out of memory).
The concept of a <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine was used as an educational tool in the science fiction novel The Diamond Age (1995), by Neal Stephenson.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine (3158 words)



Alan <bb>>Turingb>bb>>

<bb>>Turingb>bb>>'s underlying argument was that the human brain must somehow be organised for intelligence, and that the organisation of the brain must be realisable as a finite discrete-state machine.
<bb>>Turingb>bb>>'s motivations were scientific rather than industrial or commercial, and he soon returned to the theoretical limitations of computation, this time focussing on the comparison of the power of computation and the power of the human brain.
Probably <bb>>Turingb>bb>> was aiming at the opposite idea, of finding a theory of the reduction process that would be predictive and computable, and so plug the gap in his hypothesis that the action of the brain is computable.

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing (9753 words)



<bb>>Turingb>bb>> Test

The <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Tournament is a two sided tournament designed to find, on the one hand, the best computer programs to mimic human behavior, and on the other hand, the best computer programs to detect the difference between machine and human behavior.
Bleich, H. Alan <bb>>Turingb>bb>>: The Machine, the Enigma, and the Test.
The authors, who consider <bb>>Turingb>bb>> to be one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century, examine problems with the <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Test and conclude that a goal of passing the test is harmful to the field of AI research.

http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/html/turing.html (2644 words)



Alan <bb>>Turingb>bb>>: PopSubCulture.com's The Biography Project - Creator of the <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Test

<bb>>Turingb>bb>>'s solution involves defining the "definite method" as a mechanical process in which a machine "reads" paper tape with symbols printed on it.
The Universal <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine : A Half-Century Survey (Computerkultur, Bd 2) - Rolf Merken (ed.)
<bb>>Turingb>bb>> then becomes obsessed with the problem of how the human mind is embodied in matter; of how the mind might be preserved after the death.

http://www.popsubculture.com/pop/bio_project/alan_turing.html (1302 words)



TIME 100: Alan <bb>>Turingb>bb>>

But no one recognized that <bb>>Turingb>bb>>'s machine provided a blueprint for what would eventually become the electronic digital computer.
But the fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine.
Since the instructions on the tape governed the behavior of the machine, by changing those instructions, one could induce the machine to perform the functions of all such machines.

http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html (479 words)



<bb>>Turingb>bb>> completeness - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In computability theory, an abstract machine or programming language is called <bb>>Turingb>bb>> complete, <bb>>Turingb>bb>> equivalent, or (computationally) universal if it has a computational power equivalent to a universal <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine (a simplified model of a programmable computer).
<bb>>Turingb>bb>> completeness is significant in that every plausible design for a computing device so far advanced can be emulated by a universal <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine.
Previously, the first machine known to be <bb>>Turingb>bb>>-complete was ENIAC.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_completeness (900 words)



<bb>>Turingb>bb>>

Although to <bb>>Turingb>bb>> a "computer" was a person who carried out a computation, we must see in his description of a universal <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine what we today think of as a computer with the tape as the program.
<bb>>Turingb>bb>>'s brilliant ideas in solving codes, and developing computers to assist break them, may have saved more lives of military personnel in the course of the war than any other.
<bb>>Turingb>bb>> was arrested for violation of British homosexuality statutes in 1952 when he reported to the police details of a homosexual affair.

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Turing.html (2792 words)



Virtual <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine

Conceptually, a <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine has a finite set of states, a finite alphabet (that has a blank symbol), and a finite set of instructions.
Physically, it has a head that can read, write, and move along an infinitely long tape that is divided into cells, where each cell has a value of blank or a letter in the <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine's alphabet.
He also invented a concept of a type of computer, called a "<bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine." Theoretically, a <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine is just as powerful as any other computer.

http://www.nmia.com/~soki/turing (729 words)



<bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine

A <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine is an abstract representation of a computing device.
This presentation examines various extensions to the standard <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine model and establishes their equivalence to the standard model.
It should be noted that <bb>>Turingb>bb>> never specified the workings of the oracle box, but, neither did he ever specify the workings of the <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine.

http://www.geocities.com/s2swen/Turing_Machine.html (729 words)



generation5 - An In-Depth Look at <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machines

By universal algorithm, I mean an algorithm that works for all <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machines, and on all numbers and instructions possible.
The concept of the Universal <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine is a relatively simple one to grasp, with some incredibly complex implications.
Alan <bb>>Turingb>bb>> developed <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machines as a way to prove that not everything could be achieved algorithmically.

http://www.generation5.org/content/2000/idturing.asp (899 words)



<bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machines

A function is computable if it can be computed by a <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine.
A <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine is a very simple machine, but, logically speaking, has all the power of any digital computer.
This instruction means that if the <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine is now in current_state, and the symbol under the read/write head is current_symbol, change its internal state to new_state, replace the symbol on the tape at its current position by new_symbol, and move the read/write head one square in the given direction ( left or right).

http://www.ams.org/new-in-math/cover/turing.html (899 words)



<bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An abstract version of the universal <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine is the universal function, a computable function which can be used to calculate any other computable function.
The concept of a <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine was used as an educational tool in the science fiction novel The Diamond Age (1995), by Neal Stephenson.
<bb>>Turingb>bb>> machines are extremely basic symbol-manipulating devices which—despite their simplicity—can be adapted to simulate the logic of any computer that could possibly be constructed.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine (2431 words)



BF is <bb>>Turingb>bb>>-complete

<bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine, a very simplistic computing model, which yet is powerfull enough to calculate all possible function which can be calculated.
A <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine consists of an endless tape of cells, which each can contain any of a given set of symbols, a pointer pointing to one of the cells, and a certain finite state control.
By giving a BF program which simulates a particular UTM, we proof that BF is <bb>>Turingb>bb>>-complete.

http://www.iwriteiam.nl/Ha_bf_Turing.html (1671 words)



utm.<bb>>bb>bb>>

Daniel <bb>>Bb>bb>> Cristofani (cristofdathevanetdotcom) http://www.hevanet.com/cristofd/brainfuck/ This <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine achieves <bb>>Turingb>bb>>-completeness not by simulating other <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machines directly, but by simulating a <bb>>Turingb>bb>>-complete class of tag-systems (a computational model invented by Emil Post and named after the children's game "tag").
This runs for 518 steps of the <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine, exercising all 23 <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine instructions, before halting with the output string a[1].
The brainfuck cells representing the <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine cells are laid out contiguously from the beginning of the tape, except that the head of the <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine is represented by a gap of three brainfuck cells, just to the left of the brainfuck cell that represents the current <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine cell.

http://www.hevanet.com/cristofd/brainfuck/utm.b (1487 words)



Not <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Equivalent

This is a "thesis", not a theorem, because in fact we do not have firm idea of what "computable" means apart from mechanisms like <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machines!
[ The "Church-<bb>>Turingb>bb>> thesis" is that anything that is computable can be computed on a <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine (or mechanisms established to be of comparable power, such as Lambda Calculus or combinatorial logic).
The full power of <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machines is attainable only if infinite loops are possible, as is obvious if you consider Goedel's theorems.

http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?NotTuringEquivalent (1487 words)



BF is <bb>>Turingb>bb>>-complete

<bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine, a very simplistic computing model, which yet is powerfull enough to calculate all possible function which can be calculated.
For example, that each <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine can be transformed into a <bb>>Turingb>bb>> Machine with a tape that is cut-off on one side, and endless on the other side.
Or that every <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine can be transformed into a <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine with set of symbols contains just two symbols.

http://home.wxs.nl/~faase009/Ha_bf_Turing.html (1487 words)



<bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine is an abstract model of computer execution and storage introduced in 1936 by Alan <bb>>Turingb>bb>> to give a mathematically precise definition of algorithm or 'mechanical procedure'.
<bb>>Turingb>bb>> machines can describe algorithms at once over all machines, regardless of how much memory they have; there is a maximum to the amount of memory any machine has now, but this limit can rise arbitrarily in time.
<bb>>Turingb>bb>> machines would actually only be equivalent to a real machine that is magically given an infinite amount of storage space.

http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine (1487 words)



Church-<bb>>Turingb>bb>> thesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The universe is equivalent to a <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine (and thus, computing non-recursive functions is physically impossible).
Any computer program can be translated into a <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine, and any <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machine can be translated into any general-purpose programming language, so the thesis is equivalent to saying that any general-purpose programming language is sufficient to express any algorithm.
When hearing of Church's proposal, <bb>>Turingb>bb>> was quickly able to show that his <bb>>Turingb>bb>> machines in fact describe the same set of functions (<bb>>Turingb>bb>> 1936, 263ff).

http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church-Turing_thesis (1487 words)

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Topic: <b>Turing</b> <b>machine<

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