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Topic: Alan Cooper



  
 Alan Cooper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Alan Cooper, an advocate of interaction design, runs a design company and writes books about how to make software user interfaces more usable.
That is not strictly true, since a lot of work on Visual Basic was done by Microsoft's internal development group.
However, the idea of a visual design tool for windows and widgets belongs to Cooper.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cooper   (146 words)

  
 Software Doesn't Have to Crash
According to Alan Cooper, the problem with software is not the way it works but the way the industry that makes it works.
Cooper's firm deals with the second challenge -- how computer products interact with users -- yet it doesn't employ a single computer programmer.
Cooper Interaction Design has been working with Varian Associates Inc., a major electronics company (1998 sales: $1.4 billion) that manufactures computer systems for medical and industrial instruments.
http://www.fastcompany.com/online/22/nocrash.html   (818 words)

  
 Alan Cooper of Cooper Interaction Design sees planning as key to downstream dividends
Cooper: Programmers have been talking about end-user programming for as long as I've been in the computer industry.
Cooper: Moving toward software components is a laudable thing.
Cooper: It's inevitable that there will rise up in programming a separate but equal profession known as interaction design.
http://www.infoworld.com/articles/hn/xml/01/06/15/010615hncooper.html   (2027 words)

  
 Amazon.ca: Inmates Are Running the Asylum, The: Books
Cooper promotes - not due to inattention, but due to the fact that in many cases were everyone agreed improvement was needed, the mutual animosity between the HIE department and the Development department was so great that the decision ended in a stalemate and nothing was done.
Cooper's conclusion seems to be that the most fundamental changes to the software industry need to be made to the process.
Cooper details many of these meta functions to explain his central thesis: programmers need to seriously reevaluate the many user-hostile concepts deeply embedded within the software development process.
http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0672316498   (1542 words)

  
 SAP Design Guild -- Cooper Interaction Design Enjoys SAP
Cooper's philosophy is simple: create product strategies, digital products, appliances, and services that meet the goals of the people who will use them.
As SAP moves rapidly to web-enable their applications and make them available to a wider consumer market, they are doing so not only with input from web design experts like Cooper, but with the input of the people who are the most important part of the whole process: the customers.
The elastic user is an inhuman conglomeration of all possible types of users; he is impossible to design for successfully.
http://www.sapdesignguild.org/editions/philosophy_articles/print_cooper.asp   (1533 words)

  
 Designer, Programmer, Thought Leader, Rebel: Alan Cooper to Keynote COFES 2006
Cooper is co-inventor of the idea of personas as a software design tool, in which the work habits and requirements of a specific real person are mirrored in the user interface.
“Alan Cooper's background and experience in both the software development and product design communities makes him the perfect person to take on the topic of innovation at COFES," says Rick Stavanja, VP and CIO, Cyon Research, and a long-term follower of Cooper's vision.
He created a programming environment which became an essential ingredient of Microsoft Visual Basic, which for years was the leading tool of PC software development and still enjoys a strong following.
http://aecnews.com/news/2006/02/13/1396.aspx   (484 words)

  
 UPA 2001 Keynote Address
Cooper writes from the perspective of a software programmer turned customer-centered product designer.
Cooper has earned him numerous accolades and industry awards, including a Software Visionary Award in 1998.
After nearly thirty years designing and creating software, Alan Cooper has learned a thing or two.
http://www.upassoc.org/conferences_and_events/upa_conference/2001/reg/program/keynote.html   (279 words)

  
 Alan Cooper
Cooper now owns Cooper Software, Inc. with the unique philosophy of Goal-Directed Design, helping companies to design usable software.
Alan Cooper, who wrote what became Microsoft's Visual Basic, will speak in Portland about designing quality software user interfaces on Thursday, November 13th.
In 1987 Cooper envisioned a need for a shell-authoring tool for users of windowed operating systems.
http://www.chifoo.org/pages/programs/1998/cooper.html   (230 words)

  
 ERCB: About Face
Cooper has a lot of valuable things to say about program design and behavior.
Certainly Cooper's perspective comes across in the book as quite parochial, and he passes up many opportunities to compare and contrast Windows features with their (often superior) counterparts in other systems.
Even before the majority of PC-compatible users have switched from Windows 3.1 to Windows-95, Microsoft is preparing to jettison the Windows-95 interface in favor of a new Web-browser-based metaphor.
http://www.ercb.com/feature/feature.0005.html   (1836 words)

  
 Alan Cooper : Part 1 Defining Interaction : uidesign.net
In part 1, Alan takes his time to explain exactly what he means by Interaction Design and why it isn't Interface Design and exactly what role Interaction Design plays in the whole gambit of User Centered Design disciplines.
He discusses why Interaction Design is about complete systems architecture and he hits on what's wrong with relational databases; what's wrong with file systems; why Interaction Design is a lot more than Interface Design; and why he really doesn't like Usability much either.
What we do is that we debate about how to have little dialog boxes to submit queries and display solution sets.
http://www.uidesign.net/2000/interviews/cooper1.html   (3000 words)

  
 PCD 2/13/98 Cooper
Alan Cooper, the "Father of Visual Basic" and author of About Face: The Essentials of User Interface Design, sees a cure for this craziness in a new way to design interaction.
For twenty years Alan has designed and developed consumer software products including SuperProject, published by Computer Associates; MicroPhone II for Windows, published by Software Ventures; and the visual programming user interface for Visual Basic, published by Microsoft.
He is a frequent, opinionated and engaging industry speaker and writer on the topics of user interface and conceptual software design.
http://hci.stanford.edu/cs547/abstracts/97-98/980213-cooper.html   (350 words)

  
 Cyon Research Announces Alan Cooper to Keynote COFES 2006 - Innovate Forum
"Alan Cooper's background and experience in both the software development and product design communities makes him the perfect person to take on the topic of innovation at COFES," says Rick Stavanja, VP and CIO, Cyon Research, and a long-term follower of Cooper's vision.
Known as a leading authority on customer experience and interactive design, the Father of Visual Basic, and inventor of personas as a design tool, Alan Cooper is the author of the best-selling books About Face: The Essentials of User Interface Design and The Inmates Are Running the Asylum.
BETHESDA, Md. (from release) -- Cyon Research Corporation, a provider of consulting and research to engineering technology markets, today announced that the keynote for COFES 2006: The Congress on the Future of Engineering Software will be software visionary Alan Cooper.
http://www.innovateforum.com/innovate/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=307466&ref=25   (351 words)

  
 Alan Cooper Speaks! Impressions from BayCHI April 2002 - Boxes and Arrows: The design behind the design
Alan’s contention is that the position should be held by someone at the “C” level (as in CEO or CFO).
The reason “interaction design” is being dropped from the name, according to Alan, is to better reflect all of the work that they do, which, as it turns out, is more and more some sort of business consulting.
And what else can we all be, except ecstatic, about the idea of Cooper’s consulting work resulting in a company where the issues surrounding users’ satisfaction will be addressed by “C” level managers and design is considered more strategically as a business advantage.
http://www.boxesandarrows.com/view/alan_cooper_speaks_impressions_from_baychi_april_2002   (3641 words)

  
 TechNetCast 1998-10-02 - User Interface Design with Alan Cooper
Alan is the author of widely-read About Face: The Essentials of User Interface Design, (IDG Book, 1995), winner of Software Development Productivity Award.
Since designing the Visual Basic interface, Alan Cooper has led a crusade to make software more intuitive and easier to use.
His software design consulting firm, Cooper Interaction Design, is based in Menlo Park, CA.
http://technetcast.ddj.com/tnc_981002.html   (212 words)

  
 EServer TC Library: Authors: Cooper, Alan
Cooper discusses why Interaction Design is about complete systems architecture and he hits on what's wrong with relational databases.
Had personas been developed in the laboratory, the full story of how they came to be would have been published long ago, but since their use developed over many years in both my practice as a software inventor and architectural consultant and the consulting work of Cooper designers, that is not the case.
The great tragedy of the information age is that computers obstruct everything we do.
http://tc.eserver.org/authors/Cooper,_Alan   (337 words)

  
 BayCHI-East: Alan Cooper Talk
Widely recognized as the "father of Visual Basic," Alan is also an award-winning programmer whose vision of creating better digital solutions has produced many industry firsts, from the first business application software to Computer Associates' SuperProject.
His bestseller, About Face: The Essentials of User Interface Design, introduced the industry's first handbook for software design, and today is considered required reading for the engineering community.
Have you wondered what interaction design is, what personas have to do with usability, and if Alan Cooper believes in usability testing?
http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~sinha/baychieast/CooperAnnouncement.html   (265 words)

  
 Notes from Alan Cooper presentation at UW in Seattle on Oct 27
He feels that, in some ways, the book is a bit rosy (can't we all just get along), but in a lot of ways, it offers excellent insight into how programmers think differently than other people (especially in the areas of values, language, and tools).
In a nutshell, companies can avoid “death march“ software projects (projects that fail or are terribly behind, etc) if the C-level executives (CEO, CTO, COO) and VPs would get to know their software development process.
A blueprint that was ONLY developed based on user research and turning grapes into wine (a base-level question/answer of “Does our product allow users to complete their goals with a high level of satisfaction?“ “If not, let's write a Blueprint that does just that.“
http://loudcarrot.com/Blogs/heidi/archive/2005/10/29/5413.aspx   (1583 words)

  
 Why Alan Cooper sold us out (Straight Face 09-15-2000)
Among other things, Alan set out to raise the awareness of both managers and programmers for doing interaction design as early in the process as possible.
But, thanks to Inmates, now we now know how to make those arguments and supply the right information to get what we all want in the end — software that anyone can use.
In other words, they’re not really egomaniacal monsters, it’s just that no one knew how to communicate with them properly.
http://www.futuristic.com/futuristic/straightface/09152000.htm   (665 words)

  
 Make Your Own Bozo Filter
One question asks prospective software engineers to design a new table-creation feature for Microsoft Word.
Jonathan Korman, a design communicator, claims the test "told me more about real job duties than any description could." Software designer Josh Seiden is even more positive: "It was a fun puzzle -- much more engaging than most of what I was doing at my previous job."
A question for design communicators asks them to develop a marketing strategy for a new Touch-Tone phone -- aimed at consumers from 1850!
http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/11/bozo.html   (341 words)

  
 Alan Cooper
Of course, Alan's best known as a UI guy whereas most people would consider me to be a software developer.
And Alan did a keynote there on software development.
So Alan's going down the huge escalator into the "bunker" conference area at the Marriott...he sees me on the other side going up and hollers "what the hell do you know about UI design?" I yell back "about as much as you know about developing software!".
http://weblogs.asp.net/kpleas/archive/2005/02/21/377512.aspx   (472 words)

  
 Visual Studio Magazine - Why We Don't Build Software for Users
Recently Visual Studio Magazine sat down with Alan to hear his thoughts about the future of software development—that is, construction—and the role of the.NET platform in that future.
He's the author of two best-selling books—About Face: The Essentials of User Interface Design, and The Inmates Are Running the Asylum—and is in demand as a speaker on customer-centered issues worldwide.
Alan Cooper speaks out about turmoil in software management, why.NET beats VS6 by a hair's breadth, and more.
http://www.fawcette.com/vsm/2002_12/online/the   (116 words)

  
 SDForum
In his talk, Alan challenges everyone to think about the ways software is developed today, to shun the management practices held over from the Industrial Age, and to build products that enable end-users to reach their goals.
Read more on the SDForum Tech Luminary Series: The Future of Software Development and see a list of upcoming speakers!
Alan's passion for humanizing technology and his experience as an inventor and software programmer provide the vision and focus for Cooper's wide range of Goal-Directed services.
http://www.sdforum.org/p/calEvent.asp?CID=953   (175 words)

  
 Alan Cooper
Alan Cooper is a software author and visionary whose industry credits include creating the visual programming interface for Microsoft's Visual Basic.
As an industry leader, he is frequently speaking at computer conferences such as VBITS as well as meeting with industry leaders to provide guidance and direction.
His one-man crusade for better design in the '90s has evolved into the Cooper Interactive Design firm, which he founded in 1992.
http://www.quepublishing.com/authors/bio.asp?a=d4b92175-9351-413a-937b-909ae0524bbd   (90 words)

  
 Alan Cooper — EPSScentral.INFO
Outraged by the inferior and unusable products that are constantly forced upon long-suffering software users, Alan decided to do something about the problem.
Outraged by the inferior and unusable products that are constantly forced upon long-suffering software users, Alan decided to do something about the problem....
Alan Cooper, the designer of Visual Basic, is a man with a mission.
http://www.epsscentral.org/knowledgebase/people/alancooper/view   (436 words)

  
 Physical Sciences Resource Center
The MLA Style presented is based on information from the MLA FAQ.
%0 Electronic Source %A Cooper, Alan %T Web-based Math Resources for College Students %V 2006 %N 1 May 2006 %9 text/html %U http://www.langara.bc.ca/mathstats/resource/onWeb/
Cooper, Web-based Math Resources for College Students, WWW Document, (http://www.langara.bc.ca/mathstats/resource/onWeb/).
http://www.compadre.org/PSRC/items/detail.cfm?ID=121   (183 words)

  
 Goal-Directed ® design by Alan Cooper
If you don't, you risk creating yet another computer program that makes the user feel stupid, which will ultimately make them fail to achieve the goals of the business.
The phrase "Goal-Directed" is a registered trademark of Cooper Interaction Design.
http://www.chi-sa.org.za/articles/goal-directed.htm   (4418 words)

  
 Alan Bruce Cooper
As a child, Alan was an accomplished chess player; he spoke German fluently, which he learned from his beloved nanny, Lina.
Alan received his undergraduate degree from Wesleyan in 1949, Master's from Wesleyan in Immuno-Genetics in 1951, and Medical Degree from New York Medical School in 1955.
He was an active participant in the resident training program at the UT Medical School, for which he received outstanding supervision awards from the residents.
http://www.feldmans.org/ABC.html   (537 words)

  
 Scobleizer - Microsoft Geek Blogger » Morning with Alan Cooper
I’m sitting with Alan Cooper, chairman of the board of Cooper (a company that humanizes technology, he says).
Cooper would support outright as the quote above (taken solely on its own (caveats understood)) would be the other end of the spectrum.
He just gave a talk at the PNP Summit (there are two more PNP Summits coming up) about how to avoid “death-march software.” I wasn’t able to record his talk, but recorded most of the conversation that happened afterward.
http://scobleizer.wordpress.com/2005/12/13/morning-with-alan-cooper   (924 words)

  
 Alibris: Alan Cooper
The "father" of Visual Basic, Cooper, presents a methodology of user interface design that he has distilled from many years of creating award-winning personal computer software.
The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of published data world-wide and include such aspects as temporal and geographical trends in disease,...
Epidemiology of Rheumatic Diseases 2e summarizes all the all the available data on the occurrence and risk factors for the major epidemiological, musculosketal, connective tissue and bone disorders.
http://www.alibris.com/search/books/author/Cooper,Alan   (897 words)

  
 Interview: Interaction Design: The Guru Speaks
Today, I fill the role of President, which means that I oversee all of our business and design operations and strategy.
However, those limitations are very temporary, and within a few years there will be no difference between traditional software and Web-based software.
Browsers are not the only way to realize the benefits of the Internet.
http://www.webword.com/interviews/cooper.html   (2168 words)

  
 CADwire.net - News > Cyon Research Announces Alan Cooper to Keynote COFES 2006
Please consider upgrading your browser to take full advantage of all features of CADwire.net.
CADwire.net - News > Cyon Research Announces Alan Cooper to Keynote COFES 2006
http://go.cadwire.net/?45822,1,1   (27 words)

  
 Amazon.de:  About Face: English Books
I find myself asking why things were designed the way they were, and realizing how much better things could work if they were re-designed with usability in mind.
Cooper mainly looks at the Windows GUI in this book, explaining the basic elements of the GUI, and why they do or do not work well.
Cooper, if he reads this, will dismiss me as one of the 99% of programmers out there who don't agree with him, meaning he thinks we have our heads stuck in the sand of poor UI design.
http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568843224   (878 words)

  
 alan cooper ... at MSN Shopping
He's the only trusted assistant of reclusive genius Professor Heigner (Alan Reed, the voice of Fred Flintstone), a three-time Nobel Prize winner studying the mating habits of mosquitoes.
46 results for "alan cooper..." found in Movies
Roadie is a show-biz saga about the working slobs who make...
http://shopping.msn.com/results/shp/?text=alan+cooper+...   (1931 words)

  
 The Rest of Wednesday
The panel I was on about P2P with Ray Ozzie, Alan Cooper the lunch speaker, interacting with customers, evening entertainment with comedian David Brenner
The lunch speaker was Alan Cooper of Cooper Interaction Design:
After the break it was time for the panel I was there to join: "The New Peer-to-Peer App".
http://www.bricklin.com/albums/infoworldcto2001/restofwed.htm   (993 words)

  
 Alan Cooper
Alan is responsible for overall strategic development of the business, technology futures and specifying the coffee.
Alan is passionate about delivering digital solutions in a human fashion – without jargon or technical obstacles.
Always one with an eye for business opportunities, Alan set up his own business producing large scale video programmes, with forays into TV commercials, film and TV programme production.
http://www.fsnm.co.uk/main/cms/cmRender.asp?i=27   (199 words)

  
 Alan Cooper to Deliver Keynote at COFES 2006 - Author of The Inmates are Running the Asylum will speak on ...
Cyon Research announced yesterday that Alan Cooper will give the keynote address at COFES 2006: The Congress on the Future of Engineering Software.
Scheduled for April 20-23, 2006, in Scottsdale, Arizona, COFES 2006 will focus on the business and technology of tools and processes for the engineers and architects.
Known as an authority on customer experience and interactive design, the father of Visual Basic and an inventor of personas as a design tool, Cooper is the author of the best-selling books About Face: The Essentials of User Interface Design and The Inmates Are Running the Asylum.
http://www.cadalyst.com/cadalyst/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=307654&ref=25   (175 words)

  
 Alan Cooper on Why Software Development isn't Like Construction
Alan Cooper on Why Software Development isn't Like Construction
Alan didn't believe that 20th Century thinking on physical technology applied any more.
Back in 2000, I interviewed Alan Cooper for my uidesign.net webzine (blog format).
http://www.agilemanagement.net/Articles/Weblog/AlanCooperonWhySoftwareDe-2.html   (170 words)

  
 Experience - Alan J. Cooper P.A., Attorney at Law - Jupiter, Palm Beach County, Florida
His Juris Doctor Degree was conferred in 1968 at the State University of New York.
Cooper received his B.A. from the School of Business Administration with a Major in Finance from the University of Notre Dame in 1965.
Cooper has and will continue to attend numerous legal seminars and workshops to keep abreast of the ever changing trends in the law.
http://www.jupiterattorney.com/experience.html   (215 words)

  
 Sha Na Na - Rockabilly Central
Cooper received his doctorate from Yale University, then taught at McMaster University in Ontario before joining the faculty of Hebrew Union College in 1986.
Cooper today is a professor of biblical studies at the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York.
Except when it's time to pay the mortgage, Cooper has no regrets about his decision to become a professor.
http://www.rockabilly.net/articles/shanana.shtml   (650 words)

  
 Transcript of .NET Rocks! with Alan Cooper
Alan invented the Visual Basic designer and the VBX, which became the core of the VB product line, and survived all the way to Visual Studio.NET (for all languages).
This continues to be our most popular show, and gives you a concise overview of some of Alan's major philosophies and ideas, as well as some great stories including showing the VB designer (Ruby) to Bill Gates for the first time.
We never really publicized this, but Dennis made a transcript of the January 2003 show we did with Alan Cooper.
http://weblogs.asp.net/cfranklin/archive/2003/12/15/43712.aspx   (155 words)

  
 Books
The author also brings in scientific physiology to show that different parts of the brain are the seat of intelligence and emotions, and how emotions can override the intellect with disastrous results if the individual has not developed a sufficient degree of self-awareness and self-control to use emotions constructively.
Goleman refers to this cooperation between intellect and emotions as emotional intelligence.
When our emotions and intellect are working together harmoniously, we can act intelligently with a sense of values and we can grow and develop in healthy ways and develop satisfying personal relationships.
http://www.spiritual-paths.com/Books.html   (10301 words)

  
 Prof Alan Cooper
Ho SYW, Phillips MJ, Cooper A, Drummond AJ., (2005) Time dependency of molecular rate estimates and systematic overestimation of recent divergence times.
Recent work has suggested that evolutionary rates may change according to the time period over which they are measured, which has major implications for our ability to date recent evolutionary events.
Gilbert MTP, Willerslev E, Hansen A, Barnes I, Rudbeck L, Lynnerup N, Cooper A., Characterisation of genetic miscoding lesions caused by post-mortem damage.
http://www.ees.adelaide.edu.au/people/enviro/acooper01.htm   (775 words)

  
 Alan Cooper - Crusade to convince designers to focus on customer satisfaction
Cooper, author of The Inmates Are Running the Asylum, is out to change the way high-tech designers think.
Add eWEEK Technology News to your RSS newsreader or My Yahoo!
Cooper's crusade to convince designers to "stop wasting users' time" led him in 1992 to launch with his wife, Sue, Cooper Interaction Design, a firm dedicated to what he says is the "forgotten person in today's technology-based products and services.
http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,3959,129113,00.asp   (761 words)

  
 Oxford Prof says keep GM in the lab - moratorium should stay
Prof Cooper, who gained a doctorate in biochemistry and genetics at Victoria University of Wellington in 1994, is an award-winning scientist and is
British consumers and supermarkets had rejected GM food, and customers were prepared to pay a big premium for organically-grown produce, he said.
Genetic modification techniques had a valuable role to play in the laboratory, said Prof Cooper (36), a New Zealander, who was born in Dunedin
http://ngin.tripod.com/140103d.htm   (330 words)

  
 CMGP's Alan Cooper to be Co-Chief Scientist on ODP Cruise in Antarctica
Alan will also work on a special project to establish the distribution and deformation effects of gas hydrates in the drill cores, using X-ray and visual observations.
CMGP's Alan Cooper to be Co-Chief Scientist on ODP Cruise in Antarctica
The science prospectus for the leg and drilling reports can be viewed at the ODP Web site.
http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/1999/12/staff.html   (158 words)

  
 .NET ROCKS! - PWOP Productions
Alan has a lot to say about programming, programmers, and focuses intently on what's wrong with programming as we know it.
Alan tells the story of that meeting where he showed Visaul Basic (then code-named Ruby) to Bill Gates and his people.
To keep up with the live schedule changes, Subscribe to this RSS feed with an RSS aggregator (or FireFox).
http://www.dotnetrocks.com/default.aspx?showID=16   (752 words)

  
 UTS: Alan Cooper
Alan Mitchell Cooper, received an A.B. in 1971 from Columbia College, and a Ph.D. in 1976 from Yale University.
Cooper's dual appointment in Hebrew Bible at Union and The Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS) signals a major step in strengthening important historical ties between these two neighbors.
His teaching and research interests are centered on the relationship between poetics and historical criticism, and the history of biblical interpretation.
http://www.uts.columbia.edu/index.php?id=316   (88 words)

  
 Alan Cooper Cabinetmaker - Bucks Bedrooms
Alan Cooper Cabinetmaker has been in business as a furnituremaker since 1985, and specialising in bedroom furniture (both fitted and freestanding) since 1996.
A wide range of styles of bedroom furniture are available, from simple cottage or rustic barn designs, to the more sophisticated, with break-fronts, reeded pilasters and serpentine panelled doors.
Also bespoke home studies and dining room furniture serving 25 miles radius of Aylesbury in
http://www.bucksbedrooms.co.uk   (126 words)

  
 Alan Cooper
My serious interest in military history came in 1969, although I now feel it was there all the time, dormant and waiting for the right time to come to fruition.
The highlight of my service in London with the Coldstream band was a three month tour of America and Canada in 1970, a 27,000 mile trip, giving over 82 performances and booking into no less than 50 hotels, but so much fun and what an experience.
Alan sits at the controls of NX611 at Scampton (1978)
http://www.bomber-command.info/coopdams.htm   (2396 words)

  
 Dr. Alan Cooper
He grew up in and around New York City, and was day-school educated.
JTS / Programs of Study / Bible / Dr. Alan Cooper
Alan Cooper is Professor of Bible at both The Jewish Theological Seminary and at neighboring Union Theological Seminary, a nondenominational Christian seminary.
http://www.jtsa.edu/progs/bib/alcooper/index.shtml   (414 words)

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