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| | Alan Turing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Turing is often considered to be a father of modern computer science. | | | Turing machines are to this day the central object of study in theory of computation. | | | He provided an influential formalisation of the concept of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, formulating the now widely accepted "Turing" version of the Church–Turing thesis, namely that any practical computing model has either the equivalent or a subset of the capabilities of a Turing machine. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing
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| | Turing test - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Described by Alan Turing in the 1950 paper "Computing machinery and intelligence", it proceeds as follows: a human judge engages in a natural language conversation with two other parties, one a human and the other a machine; if the judge cannot reliably tell which is which, then the machine is said to pass the test. | | | Turing contradicts this by arguing that Lady Lovelace's assumption was affected by the context from which she wrote, and if exposed to more contemporary scientific knowledge, it would become evident that the brain's storage is quite similar to that of a computer. | | | Turing further replies that computers could still surprise humans, in particular where the consequences of different facts are not immediately recognizable. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test
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| | Alan Turing |
| | Turing rapidly composed a detailed plan for a modern stored-program computer: that is, a computer in which data and instructions are stored and manipulated alike. | | | Turing's motivations were scientific rather than industrial or commercial, and he soon returned to the theoretical limitations of computation, this time focussing on the comparison of the power of computation and the power of the human brain. | | | Turing machines, like computer programs, are countable; indeed they can be ordered in a complete list by a kind of alphabetical ordering of their ‘tables of behaviour’. |
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing
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| | Inventor Alan Turing |
| | Turing was a founding father of modern cognitive science and a leading early exponent of the hypothesis that the human brain is in large part a digital computing machine, theorising that the cortex at birth is an 'unorganised machine' which through 'training' becomes organised 'into a universal machine or something like it'. | | | The British mathematician Alan Turing wrote a paper in 1936 entitled On Computable Numbers in which he described a hypothetical device, a Turing machine, that presaged programmable computers. | | | Fascinating facts about Alan Turing inventor of the Turing machine in 1940, an important development of the digital computer. |
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http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/turing.htm
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| | BBC - History - Alan Turing (1912 - 1954) |
| | Turing's plans were dismissed by his colleagues and the lab lost out on being the first to design a digital computer. | | | This concept, also known as the Turing Machine, is considered the basis for the modern theory of computation. | | | It is thought that Turing's blueprint would have secured them the honour, as his machine was capable of computation speeds higher than the others. |
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/turing_alan.shtml
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| | Alan Turing |
| | Alan Turing homepage includes extensive biographical information and an Internet scrapbook about the inventor of the Turing machine and the founder of computer science. | | | Alan Turing, of course, turned the original question into a celebrated test of computing machinery and intelligence. | | | According to Alan Turing, language skills and common sense are the essence of intelligence. |
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http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/people/alan_turing
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| | Alan Mathison Turing |
| | Turing's ultimate goal was to merge already established biological theory with mathematics and computers to create his intelligent, multi-purpose machine. | | | The Turing Machine that he envisioned is essentially the same as today's multi-purpose computers. | | | He inspired the now common terms of "The Turing Machine" and "Turing's Test." As a mathematician he applied the concept of the algorithm to digital computers. |
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http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Turing.html
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| | Turing's World: More Information (1) |
| | Introduced by Alan Turing in 1936, Turing machines are one of the key abstractions used in modern computability theory, the study of what computers can and cannot do. | | | A Turing machine is a particularly simple kind of computer, one whose operations are limited to reading and writing symbols on a tape, or moving along the tape to the left or right. | | | Despite their simplicity, Turing machines can be designed to compute remarkably complex functions. |
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http://www-csli.stanford.edu/hp/Turing1.html
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| | Alan M. Turing -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | Turing, Alan M. British mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematics, cryptanalysis, logic, philosophy, and biology and to the new areas later named computer science, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and artificial life. | | | Turing originally conceived the machine as a mathematical tool that could infallibly recognize undecidable propositions—i.e., those mathematical statements that, within a given formal axiom system, cannot be shown to be either true or false. | | | Turing, Alan M. When a play based on the life of British mathematician Alan Turing was staged in 1986, its title was ‘Breaking the Code'. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073839
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| | Turing |
| | Although to Turing a "computer" was a person who carried out a computation, we must see in his description of a universal Turing machine what we today think of as a computer with the tape as the program. | | | Turing's design was at that point an original detailed design and prospectus for a computer in the modern sense. | | | Turing's brilliant ideas in solving codes, and developing computers to assist break them, may have saved more lives of military personnel in the course of the war than any other. |
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http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Turing.html
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| | Alan Turing Scrapbook - Turing Test |
| | Turing argued that if the interrogator could not distinguish them by questioning, then it would be unreasonable not to call the computer intelligent. | | | As part of his argument Turing put forward the idea of an 'imitation game', in which a human being and a computer would be interrogated under conditions where the interrogator would not know which was which, the communication being entirely by textual messages. | | | Turing held that computers would in time be programmed to acquire abilities rivalling human intelligence. |
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http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/test.html
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| | Alan Turing: PopSubCulture.com's The Biography Project - Creator of the Turing Test |
| | Turing then becomes obsessed with the problem of how the human mind is embodied in matter; of how the mind might be preserved after the death. | | | Turing's solution involves defining the "definite method" as a mechanical process in which a machine "reads" paper tape with symbols printed on it. | | | Turing's Ace Report of 1946 and Other Papers (Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing, Vol 10) by Alan Turing, et al. |
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http://www.popsubculture.com/pop/bio_project/alan_turing.html
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| | The Turing Test |
| | From this, Turing infers that the brain is likely to be a continuous-state machine; and he then notes that, since discrete-state machines are not continuous-state machines, there might be reason here for thinking that no discrete-state machine can be intelligent. | | | Turing appears to claim that, even if we are continuous state machines, a discrete state machine would be able to imitate us sufficiently well for the purposes of the Imitation Game. | | | Although Turing (1950) is pretty informal, and, in some ways rather idiosyncratic, there is much to be gained by considering the discussion that Turing gives of potential objections to his claim that machines -- and, in particular, digital computers -- can “think”. |
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-test
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| | Alan Turing |
| | However Turing was still a keen user of the computer as a tool for his research interests, which now turned to "morphogenesis", the theory of growth and form in biology. | | | Each Turing Machine would work in a similar manner, using mechanisms related to the computer concepts of input, output and a program. | | | So it was Alan Turing who was mainly responsible for the decision to use the Base-32 Numerical System and he devised with Cicely the Scheme A method of program organisation. |
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http://www.computer50.org/mark1/turing.html
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| | ALAN TURING |
| | Later Turing suggested his famous test for evaluating whether a computer is intelligent. | | | Although Turing, a hero of mine, certainly was one of the greatest, we should keep in mind that his paper essentially just elegantly rephrased Kurt Gödel's 1931 results and Alonzo Church's extension thereof. | | | Casti suggests that Turing's 1936 paper provided the "theoretical backbone" for all computers to come. |
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http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/turing.html
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| | Alan Turing |
| | To answer these questions Turing extracted from the ordinary process of computation the essential parts and formulated these in terms of a theoretical machine, known as the Turing machine. | | | Turing became very interested in the problem of computability. | | | He expanded this idea to show that there exists a "universal" Turing machine, a machine which can calculate any number and function, given the appropriate instructions. |
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http://www.math.sfu.ca/histmath/Europe/20thCenturyAD/Turing.html
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| | Amazon.com: Alan Turing: The Enigma: Books: Andrew Hodges,Douglas Hofstadter |
| | By 1948 Alan had moved on to studying human and machine intelligence, as a user of computers, again with his lack of social niceties and radical thinking, some of his ideas were baffling or embarrassing until 'rediscovered' decades later as brilliant insights into intelligence. | | | But Turing's true goal was the scientific understanding of the mind, brought out in the drama and wit of the famous "Turing test" for machine intelligence and in his prophecy for the twenty-first century. | | | Turing is, more than anyone else, the father of the modern computer, a man who could visualize something which did not even exist. |
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http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0802775802?v=glance
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| | neurodiversity.com alan turing |
| | The Turing Test, which has survived as our quintessential measure of intelligence in a machine, involves the ability of a computer to imitate human performance, particularly in the ability to engage in written dialog. | | | The structure of Teaching Turing is divided into a series of levels with the earliest stages very clearly walking the user through the basic controls of a Turing machine, then working up to a series of graphic puzzles solved through programming. | | | He provided an influential formalisation of the concept of algorithm and computation: the Turing machine. |
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http://www.neurodiversity.com/bio_turing.html
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| | AlanTuring.net |
| | The Turing Archive for the History of Computing is copyright and is the property of the Turing Project. | | | The Turing Archive for the History of Computing is a major Internet project. | | | Sample digital facsimile from the Turing Archive for the History of Computing |
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http://www.cs.usfca.edu/www.AlanTuring.net/turing_archive
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| | TIME 100: Alan Turing |
| | Since the instructions on the tape governed the behavior of the machine, by changing those instructions, one could induce the machine to perform the functions of all such machines. | | | But no one recognized that Turing's machine provided a blueprint for what would eventually become the electronic digital computer. | | | So many ideas and technological advances converged to create the modern computer that it is foolhardy to give one person the credit for inventing it. |
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http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html
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| | BW Online May 10, 2004 Alan Turing: Thinking Up Computers |
| | Attempting to resolve a long-standing debate over whether any one method could prove or disprove all mathematical statements, Turing invoked the notion of a "universal machine" that could be given instructions to perform a variety of tasks. | | | In 1950 he proposed a bold measure for machine intelligence: If a person could hold a typed conversation with "somebody" else, not realizing that a computer was on the other end of the wire, then the machine could be deemed intelligent. | | | But before the first programmable computers were built, Turing got diverted into the war effort. |
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http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_19/b3882029_mz072.htm
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| | computing machinery and intelligence - a.m. turing, 1950 |
| | The result in question refers to a type of machine which is essentially a digital computer with an infinite capacity. | | | A M. Turing, On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem | | | Computing machinery and intelligence was published by Alan Turing in 1950. |
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http://www.abelard.org/turpap/turpap.htm
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| | Alan Turing |
| | In 1936 Turing published a seminal paper, "On Computable Numbers", in which he conceived a remarkably simple, but powerful abstract device for performing all possible computations. | | | His work has been invaluable to the continuing development of complex systems and computer science, as well as to modern research in articifial intelligence and pattern formation in nature. | | | Alan Turing was an English mathematician and a founder of modern computer science. |
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http://www.exploratorium.edu/complexity/CompLexicon/Turing.html
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| | Turing, Alan Mathison. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 |
| | While studying at Cambridge Univ. he began work in predicate logic that lead to a proof (1937) that some mathematical problems are not susceptible to solution by automated computation; in arriving at this, he postulated a universal machine, now called a Turing machine, that was the theoretical prototype of the electronic digital computer. | | | During this period, he produced a body of work that helped form the basis of the newly emerging field of artificial intelligence; among his contributions was the Turing test, a procedure to test whether a computer is capable of humanlike thought. | | | After completing a Ph.D. at Princeton Univ. (1938), he returned home to England, where, during World War II, he was instrumental in deciphering German messages encrypted by the Enigma cipher machine. |
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http://www2.bartleby.com/65/tu/Turing-A.html
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| | AlanTuring.net |
| | The Turing Archive for the History of Computing is hosted by | | | The Turing Archive for the History of Computing is now hosted in two locations |
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http://www.alanturing.net
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| | ALAN MATHISON TURING 1912- |
| | The task was difficult- It is fittingly ironic that not one single major computing company was willing to support this project, nor was a single penny contributed by national or local government. | | | There is an Alan Turing Way in Manchester, a 'Blue Plaque' (officially placed on sites associated with national heroes) at his birthplace in London, and several IT and computer science organisations named in his honour. | | | On the Bronze bench is carved 'Alan Mathison Turing 1912-1954' and a mysterious jumble of words, which are, in fact a motto as encoded by the German 'Enigma' |
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http://www.btinternet.com/~glynhughes/sculpture/turing.htm
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| | Alan Turing and morphogenesis |
| | I gave a talk (6Mb Powerpoint) based on this at Turing 2004. | | | Fibonacci phyllotaxis and parastichy numbers: an introduction to the problem and Turing's interest in it | | | A website exploring Alan Turing's work in the generation of biological form, and in particular the appearance of Fibonacci numbers in plant structures. |
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http://www.swintons.net/jonathan/turing.htm
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| | Alan Turing - Wikiquote |
| | Alan Turing (June 23, 1912 - June 7, 1954) British mathematician and cryptographer, considered to be one of the fathers of modern Computer Science. | | | Source: A Hodges - Alan Turing: the Enigma of Intelligence, (London 1983) 251. | | | "A man provided with paper, pencil, and rubber, and subject to strict discipline, is in effect a universal Turing Machine."** (1948) |
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http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alan_Turing
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