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| | Medieval Theories of Analogy |
 | | This second type of analogy became known as the analogy of attribution, and its special mark was being said in a prior and a posterior sense (per prius et posterius). | | | In his commentary on the Sentences, he suggests that there is one kind of analogy in which the analogical term is used in a prior and a posterior sense, and another kind of analogy, the analogy of imitation, which applies to God and creatures. | | | Both in his insistence on the priority of the analogy of proper proportionality and in his use of the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic denomination, Cajetan departed from earlier medieval discussions of analogy. |
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analogy-medieval
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| | analogy - OneLook Dictionary Search |
| | Phrases that include analogy: doctrine of analogy, analogy chart, analogy model, analogy test, argument from analogy, more... | | | Analogy : MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science [home, info] | | | ANALOGY : 1911 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica [home, info] |
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http://www.onelook.com/?w=analogy&ls=a
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| | Evolution: a theory in crisis (Michael Denton). |
| | The reason Paley's argument from analogy is again valid today, is the depth of the machine-organism analogy, which has been revealed in the last decade of biochemical research. | | | A necessary condition for the analogy is that humans and all other living beings must be machine-like enough to justify the analogy. | | | Denton reinforces the analogy by stating that for the purpose of description living things are machines and that the analogy is a deep analogy |
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http://home.wxs.nl/~gkorthof/kortho18.htm
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| | Vagueness, Semantics, and the Language of Thought |
| | The Tarskian analogy claims that A is like B, where A is the pair consisting of the LOT/mature psychology, and B is the pair consisting of an appropriate syntactic system/semantic system. | | | As with any analogy, the central claim is that A is like B. Here, of course, A is the pair consisting of the LOT/mature psychology and B is a pair consisting of some appropriate syntactic system/semantic system of mathematics or logic. | | | The strength of this analogy, as with any, depends on the characteristics of the items claimed to be analogous, and the concern of Section Two was to identify the characteristics needed to make the analogy a strong one. |
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http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/v1/psyche-1-01-dewitt.html
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| | National Association of Biology Teachers |
| | While a single analogy may be sufficient to explain a simple concept (i.e., a plant cell is like a box because plant cells have boxy shapes), a single analogy for a complex concept may lead to misconceptions (e.g., an atom is like our solar system). | | | If this analogy of a cell nucleus to city government was interpreted to mean that chromosomes in a cell's nucleus are selected by the organism, like a mayor is selected by voters, this would be an inappropriate inference. | | | An example of a within-domain analogy is using a solution to a particular chemistry problem to serve as a model for solving a similar chemistry problem. |
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http://www.nabt.org/sup/publications/promote.asp
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| | Analogy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In a narrower sense, analogy is an inference or an argument from a particular to another particular, as opposed to deduction, induction and abduction, where at least one of the premises or the conclusion is general. | | | Analogy is either the cognitive process of transferring information from a particular subject (the analogue or source) to another particular subject (the target), or a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process. | | | From there analogy was understood as identity of relation between any two ordered pairs, whether of mathematical nature or not. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy
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| | FROM LANGUAGE TO NATURE - the semiotic metaphor in biology |
| | This analogy was not an accidental circumstance in the contexts of discovery of the mechanism of evolution. | | | A scientific law is an analogy, or system of analogies (allegory), which asserts that the relations between things are similar to the relations between numbers(...) Science is an allegory that asserts that the relations between the parts of reality are similar to the relations between the terms of discourse. | | | Forti extends the genotype-langue analogy by juxtaposing the linguistic phoneme and the triplet of DNA bases, while the equivalent of the linguistic morpheme (the minimal meaning-bearing elements: basically words) is the sequence of bases codifying for a protein, i.e. |
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http://www.geneticengineering.org/dna5
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| | DISF - Dizionario Interdisciplinare di Scienza e Fede Analogy |
| | The interest in analogy and the research devoted to the development of a "scientific theory of analogy" and a "method of demonstration" based on the latter, seems to emerge inevitably in the study of systems, be they biological, chemical, physical, mathematical, logical, or other, which are organized according to "hierarchical levels". | | | In conclusion, the genius of analogy, for which scientific interest is gradually but slowly developing, lies in two fundamental aspects: (a) the fact that it distinguishes between qualitatively different, but really related, levels of the same entity; (b) the fact that it is inseparable from a true extra-mental reality that participates in the being. | | | Analogy can be fully understood only as a logical description of what is verified in the extra-mental reality of things, only if one can describe on the logical level what reality is on the ontological level. |
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http://www.disf.org/en/Voci/29.asp
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| | Design Arguments for the Existence of God [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |
| | As Hume states the relevant rule of analogy, "wherever you depart in the least, from the similarity of the cases, you diminish proportionably the evidence; and may at last bring it to a very weak analogy, which is confessedly liable to error and uncertainty" (Hume, Dialogues, Part II). | | | Since, therefore, the effects resemble each other, we are led to infer, by all the rules of analogy, that the causes also resemble; and that the Author of Nature is somewhat similar to the mind of man, though possessed of much larger faculties, proportioned to the grandeur of the work which he has executed. | | | Paley's argument, unlike arguments from analogy, does not depend on premise asserting a general resemblance between the objects of comparison. |
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http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/design.htm
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| | The KLI Theory Lab - keywords - analogy |
| | Keywords: analogy • autonomy • biology vs. physical science • ethics • genetics • historical explanations of intentional behavior • mechanism • models • natural history • prediction • progress • taxonomy • theoretical posits. | | | Keywords: analogy • critique of memetics • cultural traits • individuation of units • sociobiology. | | | Keywords: analogy • evolutionary psychology • other minds. |
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http://www.kli.ac.at/theorylab/Keyword/A/analogy.html
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| | Analogical Reasoning |
| | The mechanism of assimilation is analogy, but the analogy must be guided by a cause that is common to the new case as well as the earlier cases. | | | In analogy, the known aspects of the new case are compared with the corresponding aspects of the older cases. | | | As this discussion indicates, analogy is a prerequisite for logical reasoning, which is a highly disciplined method of using repeated analogies. |
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http://www.jfsowa.com/pubs/analog.htm
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| | Analogical Reasoning |
| | Analogy is a basic human reasoning process used in science, literature, art, education, and politics. | | | Analogy is also used to influence public opinion, fight battles, win wars, start and finish relationships, and advertise laundry detergent. | | | A good collection of different papers on analogy can be found in Gentner, D, Holyoak, K.J.,,and Kokinov, B. Eds.(2000) Analogy: Perspectives from Cognitive Science. |
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http://www.dartmouth.edu/~kndunbar/analogy.html
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| | Structure of Intelligence: Appendix 1 - Components of the Master Network |
| | The range of possibilities is given by hard-wiring and/or induction and/or deduction and/or analogy; the a priori background distribution is given by hard-wiring and/or induction and/or deduction and/or analogy; and the properties of potential realities are given by hard-wiring and/or induction and/or deduction and/or analogy. | | | As one goes higher and higher up the hierarchy, induction, analogy and deduction are relied upon more heavily, and the estimation sticks closer and closer to the background distribution. | | | Which chains of deductions are executed is determined by an optimization routine whose initial guesses are determined by analogy. |
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http://goertzel.org/books/intel/appendix_one.htm
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| | 2.a |
| | FALSE ANALOGY (questionable analogy, wrongful comparison, imperfect analogy): drawing a conclusion based on an analogy when the items being compared are not similar enough to sustain the analogy. | | | NATURAL LAW FALLACY: a specific type of false analogy that reasons what is true about nature must be true about humans. | | | FALSE SIGN (questionable sign): drawing a conclusion based on sign reasoning when there is not really a direct relationship between the alleged sign and the subject of the conclusion. |
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http://www.humboldt.edu/~act/HTML/tests/fallacy2/review.html
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| | The Watch in the Desert |
| | If we hold the creationist to the logic of his own analogy, then what the analogy "proves," if it proves anything, is that well-designed "creations" can be produced naturally, in small, incremental steps: no magic required, thank you very much. | | | Since this argument is presented in the form of an analogy, let's hold the creationist to his own logic, and see if the analogy holds up. | | | Again, the point of the tired, old watch-in-the-desert analogy was supposed to be that evolution does not and could not occur. |
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http://www.skepticreport.com/creationism/watchdesert.htm
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| | Ron Nash Perverts Philosophy to Prove Psychology |
| | The fallacy occurs when the analogy or resemblance is not sufficient to warrant the conclusion, as when, for example, the resemblance is not relevant to the possession of the inferred feature or there are relevant dissimilarities. | | | To recognize the fallacy of false analogy, look for an argument that draws a conclusion about one thing, event, or practice on the basis of its analogy or resemblance to others. | | | If Nash protests that he is not using a false analogy, then his point must be that of an insufficient Bible. |
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http://www.psychoheresy-aware.org/nash24.html
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| | using analogies |
| | I have used an analogy similar to that of Kerry Kilburn. | | | analogy of a room with 10 pregnant women. | | | I use an analogy with our first name/surname. |
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http://biowww.clemson.edu/biolab/analogies.html
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| | Butler's Analogy |
| | Under the leadership of a strong president, any opposition that students felt towards the Analogy was kept at under control until 1848 with the appointment of a new president, Jesse Truesdell Peck. | | | The College archives and special Collections contain Charles Ford Reed's personal copy of the Analogy; Reed was an alumni who graduated in 1851 and as a member of the senior class who tried to banish the terror of this book from their lives by interment. | | | In his Analogy, Joseph Butler discusses his views on morality, and how under normal circumstances, humans are designed to follow moral lives. |
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http://chronicles.dickinson.edu/encyclo/b/ed_butlersanalogy.html
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| | Dictionary of the History of Ideas |
| | analogy: yet the effect of their work was not, of course, | | | analogy between the state and the individual in the | | | analogy between the anatomy of man and the structure |
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http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-09
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| | Durkheim |
| | A functionalist can make an analogy with a machine in order to illustrate their conception of society but will more often make what is referred to as the 'Biological Analogy'. | | | The functionalist makes two further points regarding society using the analogy with biology. | | | This biological analogy allows a functionalist such as Durkheim to make explicit their Holistic approach to the study of social phenomenon. |
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http://www.sociologyonline.co.uk/soc_essays/pops/DurkPop2.htm
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| | Analogy Is Like Cognition |
| | This paper presents several challenges to the models of analogy-making, namely the need for building integrated models, the need for using dynamic and emergent representations, the need for using dynamic and emergent computation, and the need to integrate analogy-making with other cognitive processes. | | | Some experimental data are reviewed which substantiate these needs and the main ideas how the AMBR model of analogy-making could meet these challenges are presented. | | | Kokinov, B. Analogy is like cognition: dynamic, emergent, and context-sensitive In K. Holyoak, D. Gentner, and B. Kokinov (Eds.), |
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http://www.nbu.bg/cogs/personal/kokinov/challeng.html
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| | An Examination of the Doctrine of Analogy in St. Thomas Aquinas and Cornelius Van Til |
| | As Charles Hart explains, though Thomas does not formally discuss his doctrine of metaphysical analogy, one can gain a fair understanding of the doctrine by surveying a number of his writings. | | | In other words, as Hart points out, the analogy of intrinsic attribution then becomes that which guarantees a real similarity between created beings in whom a genuine relationship between essence and existence obtains and God in whom there is only a relation of identity between essence and existence. | | | Thus as Hart notes, this third type of analogy, often called the analogy of proper proportionality, is the only one able to bear any metaphysical weight. |
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http://www.vantil.info/articles/vt_ta_analogy.html
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| | Solipsism and the Problem of Other Minds [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |
| | Consequently, the belief that there is something problematic about the application of psychological words to other human beings, that such applications are necessarily the products of highly fallible inferences to the 'inner' mental lives of others, which require something like the argument from analogy for their justification, turns out to be fundamentally confused. | | | Wittgenstein in fact considered that there is a genuine asymmetry here, in relation to the ascription of psychological predicates to oneself and to others, which is dimly perceived, but misrepresented, by those who feel the need of the argument from analogy, viz. | | | The Cartesian egocentric view of the mind and of mental events which gives rise both to the spectre of solipsism and attempts to evade it by means of the argument from analogy has its origins in this very misapprehension. |
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http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/solipsis.htm
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| | Solipsism and the Problem of Other Minds [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |
| | Consequently, the belief that there is something problematic about the application of psychological words to other human beings, that such applications are necessarily the products of highly fallible inferences to the 'inner' mental lives of others, which require something like the argument from analogy for their justification, turns out to be fundamentally confused. | | | It thus transpires that the argument from analogy appears possible and necessary only to those who misapprehend the asymmetry between the criterial bases for third-person psychological predicate ascription and the non-criterial right for their self-ascription or self-avowal for a cognitive asymmetry between direct and indirect knowledge of mental states. | | | The exponent of the argument from analogy, then, is not guilty of the charge of presupposing the very thing which he is endeavouring to demonstrate, as both Strawson and Malcolm suggest. |
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http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/solipsis.htm
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| | Joseph Little, Department of English, Niagara University |
| | Using this methodology, I examined the role of the Saturnian analogy in Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka's theory of atomic structure, showing how the individual correspondences of the analogy constrained Nagaoka to different degrees on issues ranging from nuclear compatibility and radiation collapse to the nature of electricity and alpha and beta radioactivity. | | | In "Analogy in Science," I drew from the work of psychologist Dedre Gentner to present a methodology for studying the rhetorical effects of analogy in a way that frees the researcher from some of the limitations associated with classical rhetoric. | | | My current project extends this line of inquiry into the world of nuclear physics by focusing on the ways in which the liquid drop analogy mediated physicists' early understanding of two important phenomena: nuclear mass defect and nuclear excitation. |
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http://www.randomsociety.org/joseph.little/research.htm
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| | Creationism versus Scientific Evolution Theory: Essays - The Care and Feeding of Analogies |
| | You can defeat a Type 1 analogy by pointing out the myriad ways in which the two situations are different, because the whole point of the analogy is to claim that the two situations are mostly alike. | | | The second one, on the other hand, is a classic example of an argumentative analogy, of the kind that you will often hear during a debate. | | | The analogy is a means to an end. |
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http://www.creationtheory.org/Essays/Analogies.shtml
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| | Pinoy Atheist: A journey of an atheist in Manila.: Faith is not logic |
| | Also, if you would use the analogy given, the Rolex watch has many material parts and convetional thinking dictates that those parts are tangible and was created by tangible persons.It was built by beings with physical bodies. | | | Therefore we can conclude from this analogy that God is a natural being within the natural world, and not a supernatural being in a supernatural world. | | | Using this analogy, we must conclude that the Builder of the universe built the universe through physical labor. |
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http://atheistangpinoy.blogspot.com/2005/03/faith-is-not-logic.html
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| | The%2BMiller%2BAnalogies%2BTest.htm |
| | In this analogy, all four of the terms are from American history; the analogy here is that John Adams followed George Washington into the presidency just as Bill Clinton followed George H. Bush. | | | This analogy represents one type of analogy included on the MAT. | | | This analogy involves degrees of meaning: to enrage is to annoy to a greater degree. |
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http://harcourtassessment.com/haiweb/Cultures/en-US/dotCom/milleranalogies/about/The%2BMiller%2BAnalogies%2BTest.htm
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| | Application of the Analogy Between Water Flow with a Free Surface and Two-Dimensional Compressible Gas Flow - Storming Media |
| | Abstract: The theory of the hydraulic analogy-that is the analogy between water flow with a free surface and two-dimensional compressible gas flow and the limitations and conditions of the analogy are discussed. | | | A test was run using the hydraulic analogy as applied to the flow about circular cylinders of various diameters at subsonic velocities extending into the supercritical range. | | | Application of the Analogy Between Water Flow with a Free Surface and Two-Dimensional Compressible Gas Flow |
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http://www.stormingmedia.us/34/3498/A349892.html
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| | Bad Moves entry |
| | When determining whether an analogy is a good one, sometimes the main point being made is about the logic of the argument and it is just the structural similarities which count. | | | However, what is interesting is that the analogy would become much closer if it could be shown that the fast-food manufacturers were concealing little-known facts about the dangers of their products. | | | In such a case, it is not the content of the analogy that matters, but the structure of the inference. |
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http://www.butterfliesandwheels.com/badmovesprint.php?num=34
(163 words)
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