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 | | Commonly persevering types of consonant harmony most usually involve place of articulation; and, among such changes in place of articulation, deapicalisation is by far the most frequent (in English, and maybe universally). | | | consonants are generally learnt first in syllable-initial position, then inter-syllabic or word-medial position, and lastly in syllable-final position. | | | In syllable-final position the distinctions between /p,t,k/ and /b,d,g/ are primarily dependent in the adult language on differences in the length of preceding vowels and continuant consonants, which are shorter before all fortis consonants including /p,t,k/, e.g. |
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http://lings.ln.man.ac.uk/info/staff/AC/LanguageinInfancyHTML/2Phonology.html
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| | Speech Group Achievements 2001 |
| | The effect of additional information on the overall classification scores was determined for the stop consonants and the fricative and affricate consonants. | | | In addition, the aspirated consonant /h/ is compared with fricatives and affricates in order to assess the capability of differentiating frication and aspiration. | | | With 12 cues, the overall classification score between stops and fricative or affricate consonant is close to 100%. |
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http://web.mit.edu/speech/www/2001achieve.html
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| | Encyclopedia4U - Spanish language - Encyclopedia Article |
| | In the Colombian Caribe, it produces gemination before almost every consonant (barco = /'bak:o/, árbol = /'ab:ol/, arde = /'ad:e/,...), and is replaced by /?/ in final position (saber = /sa'Be?/). | | | Positional allophones: in many places it is [h] in final position (niños), or before another consonant (fósforo). | | | In Spain it also has a [z] allophone before voiced consonants (desde). |
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http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/s/spanish-language.html
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| | A Graphemic-Phonemic Analysis of the Reading Errors of Inner City Children |
| | In speech, English clusters are frequently simplified; this happens in different ways, depending on whether the second element is a tongue-tip or apical consonant (/t, d/) or a consonant of a different type formed with the lips (/p, b/) or the back of the tongue(/k,g/). | | | If the first consonant is an /s/, we find that second element in words like wasp or ask is occasionally deleted, but not as often as with apical consonants. | | | Complexities in the consonantal onset are responsible for more than 30% of the errors in words read incorrectly, and when more than one consonant occurs, this rate jumps to 40, 50 and 80%, depending on the structures involved. |
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http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~wlabov/Papers/GAREC/GAREC.html
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| | SID A |
| | The final consonant changes to become identical with the initial consonant of a following noun, if this consonant is apical. | | | An ambisyllabic consonant is one which is regarded as being simultaneously the final consonant in the coda of one syllable and the initial consonant of the onset of the following syllable. | | | Examples of speech-related areal features are the occurrence of clicks in Southern Africa in Khoisan and Bantu languages and the occurrence of retroflex consonants in both Dravidian and Indo-European languages in the Indian sub-continent. |
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http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/sid/sida.htm
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| | Definition of Consonant from dictionary.net |
| | Define consonant and 150,000 other words at dictionary.net | | | All the consonants excepting the mutes may be indefinitely, prolonged in utterance without the help of a vowel, and even the mutes may be produced with an aspirate instead of a vocal explosion. | | | An articulate sound which in utterance is usually combined and sounded with an open sound called a vowel; a member of the spoken alphabet other than a vowel; also, a letter or character representing such a sound. |
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http://www.dictionary.net/consonant
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| | Apical - KutjaraWiki |
| | In the IPA, consonants can be marked as apical with a diacritic : for example, /s̺/ is apical /s/. | | | Alveolar consonants can be either apical or laminal; for example, /s/ is laminal in English but apical in Castilian Spanish. | | | All dental and linguolabial consonants are considered to be apical by default; the laminal equivalents are called interdentals and interlinguolabials respectively. |
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http://www.kutjara.com/wiki/index.php?title=Apical
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| | ORLAPUBS P. L29: MARKING THEORY IN HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION |
| | Among various possibilities to consider is the possibility that consonant -n was original for consonant-stems, and that unstressed vowel+ n changed to syllabic -m the way syllabic- n changes to syllabic -m in open and happen in English, without affecting the -n that remains before a vowel--as in op( | | | Naturalness theory and marking theory say that in the word-final (not elsewhere in a word) position, the consonant -m is less marked than -n --which can change to -m. | | | But the consonant-stems are older than the thematic or vowel stems, other than the short- i-stems --which, at least in Latin, have become confused with them--though in a neatly implicational manner, as shown by this writer and W. Würzel. |
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http://www.orlapubs.com/AL/L29.html
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| | Encyclopedia: Irish phonology |
| | For example, when the vowel-initial words arcán [arka:n] 'piglet' and uimhríonn [iv´r´i:n] 'numbers' (present-tense verb) are preceded by a proclitic ending in a consonant, that consonant is broad: m'arcán [marka:n] 'my piglet'; d'uimhrigh [div´r´i:] 'numbered'. | | | Thus some linguists have argued that roots like arcán and uimhr- actually begin with a consonant containing no features except that of being velarized, and roots like earc and im- with a consonant containing no features except that of being palatalized. | | | Vowel-initial words in Irish exhibit behavior that has led linguists to suggest they begin with a latent onset that, like consonants, can be either velarized (broad) or palatalized (slender). |
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http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Irish-phonology
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| | Linguolabial consonant - One Language |
| | Linguolabial consonants are found in some Oceanic languages. | | | Cross-linguistically, consonants produced at the linguolabial place of articulation are very rare, even though they do not represent a particularly exotic combination of articulatory configurations, unlike click consonants or ejectives. | | | Linguolabials are consonants articulated by putting the tongue tip or tongue blade against the upper lip. |
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http://www.onelang.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Linguolabial_consonant
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| | Clinical Psychoacoustics Cochlear Implant Research |
| | Ten of the subjects also participated in a closed-set recognition task of intervocalic consonants. | | | Although the maximum transmitted information for place of consonant articulation (which is based primarily on spectral speech cues) was only 34%, correlations between place-pitch sensitivity and transmitted speech information were as high as 0.71. | | | Place pitch was typically ordered from apical to basal electrodes, i.e., basal electrodes were judged to be higher in pitch than more apical electrodes. |
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http://www.cpl.umn.edu/implants.htm
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| | MSN Encarta - Dictionary - apical |
| | Search for " apical " in all of MSN Encarta | | | Click here to search all of MSN Encarta | | | phonetics using top of tongue: used to classify a consonant that is pronounced with the tip of the tongue, for example, âtâ or âdâ |
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http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861586205/apical.html
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| | Alveolo-palatal consonant - Network Live |
| | retroflex fricatives, but are laminal rather than apical or | | | All about Alveolo-palatal consonant - RecipeLand.com Reference library | | | Alveolo-palatal consonants can be found in Chinese languages such as |
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http://alveolo-palatal_consonant.networklive.org
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| | Klingon Mode for Tengwar |
| | The only "semi-vocalic" apical consonants we have to choose from are l and y. | | | In Klingon, most words end in a consonant, like Sindarin. | | | Tolkien says that in languages where most words end in a vowel, the tehtar would be placed over the preceding consonant. |
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http://members.aol.com/dtrimboli/ktengwar/klingontengwar.html
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| | [Plagiarism] : [Assignments] : [Week 3 Summarizing] : Original Text |
| | One may summarize the changes at the end of certain Koasati verb forms as follows (W = women's form, M = men's form, V = any vowel, y = nasalized vowel, C = any consonant, and (.) = short or long). | | | In other instances, a vowel is lengthened and the final n becomes an s, and in still others the men's form simply adds an s to the form occurring in women's speech. | | | Haas further reported that in telling traditional narratives, Koasati women used men's forms when quoting male characters, and conversely. |
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http://dana.ucc.nau.edu/~rv28/etc677/Plagiarism/Assignments/wk3SummOrig.htm
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| | LINGUIST List 13.92: Phonotactics in Morphological Phenomenon |
| | But according to Rob Pensalfini (MIT PhD thesis 1997), Jingulu has almost the *opposite* pattern: you get alveolars after apicals, retroflexes otherwise. | | | In most languages, the suffix is retroflex if the preceding consonant is apical (alveolar or retroflex), and alveolar otherwise. | | | In this one (which is strictly local), you get alternations in retroflexion, depending on whether the preceding consonant in the stem is apical or not. |
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http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/linguist/issues/13/13-92.html
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| | Consonants - Arden Reference Grammar |
| | All of the apical consonants are dental, except /r/, which is alveolar, but /n l/ usually assimilate to the place of articulation of a following consonant. | | | Arden Reference Grammar > Phonology > Consonants | | | /s/ and /z/ are only used in consonant clusters, while /þ/ and /ð/ elsewhere. |
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http://www.glossopoiesis.net/Arden/consonants.html
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| | Manner of articulation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In speech there are different ways of producing a consonant. | | | Nasals, where there is a total blockage and the sound instead goes through the nose. | | | IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. |
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http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_articulation
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| | Transitions to Consonants |
| | This pattern is precisely the observed pattern of F2 changes when apical closure occurs; the ``locus theory'' for coronal consonants describes this effect. | | | Therefore the transition to an apical consonant will move in the direction of the balance point, but will only move a fraction of the distance toward it, according to the size of the node and antinode sums in Relation 1, relative to the contribution of the apical constriction to each one. | | | If a vowel with high F2 is adjacent to an apical consonant, then the transition into the consonant lowers F2; conversely a low vocalic F2 will rise, in the transition into an apical consonant. |
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http://www.tomveatch.com/Veatch1991/node10.html
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| | Click consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The release of the more forward closure produces what in many cases are the loudest consonants in the language, although in some languages such as Hadza, clicks are more subtle and may even be mistaken for ejective stops. | | | However, many of these combinations are consonant clusters rather than separate phonemes. | | | While the SAMPA encoding for IPA into ASCII doesn't have symbols for transcribing clicks, the proposed X-SAMPA standard does: |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_consonant
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| | Laminal - KutjaraWiki |
| | (This is a convenience; retroflexes can vary from apical postalveolar to apical palatal, but laminal postalveolars and palatals already have their own symbols, or can be written with the "retracted" diacritic.) | | | It is possible for apical and laminal consonants to be contrasted at the same place of articulation; see apical. | | | Laminal consonants are those articulated with the lamina, or blade of the tongue, the part just behind the tip; in phonetics, the term contrasts with apical (articulated with the tongue tip) and dorsal (articulated with the body of the tongue). |
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http://www.kutjara.com/wiki/index.php?title=Laminal
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| | The Implementation of the Rules |
| | This rule was implemented through union building of three subrules: the first one, r13_1mpf.fst, for the labial plosives, the second one, r13_2nts.fst, for the apical plosives and the third one, r13_3Nks.fst, for the velar plosives. | | | This rule was implemented consisting of two subrules: the first one for the labial nasals, the second one for the velar nasals. | | | This rule was implemented through union building over two subrules: r12_1nm.fst, for the labial nasals and r12_2nN.fst, for the velar nasals. |
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http://coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/vmobil/vm-docu/report-235-99/node14.html
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| | Definition of the phoneme classes |
| | The class Consonant was defined with the following definition: |
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http://coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/vmobil/vm-docu/report-235-99/node13.html
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| | Abstracts |
| | The lingua-dorsal consonant was associated with greater closure force than the lingua-apical consonant but only for the men and only in the high-back vowel environment. | | | A tendency for greater closure force for the fricative consonant was observed when the fricative followed rather than preceded the nasal consonant. | | | Vowel identity had an effect on closure force during consonant production in the men in that closure force was greater for /s/ and /n/ in high versus low vowel contexts. |
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http://www.shc.uiowa.edu/wjshc/labsites/sphys/Abstracts.html
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| | Glossary of Neuroscience Terms A - B |
| | a type of dendrite that does not have a stalk; these are more numerous than apical dendrites | | | Potential problems include: simplification of consonant clusters (e.g. | | | a type of dendrite which has a stalk that is filled with cytoplasm, these appear to be part of the soma of the neuron to which they are attached; the majority of apical dendrites are found in the cerebral cortex |
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http://www.csuchico.edu/~pmccaff/syllabi/glossary.htm
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| | Definitions |
| | The adjacent underlying consonants AND the underlying vowel simultaneously determine the changing formant structure at the edges (as well as in the middle) of acoustic vowels. | | | This section discusses and defines the observationally useful acoustic segments, acoustic vowel and acoustic consonant, as well as certain other phonetic terms which it may be helpful to clarify. | | | Defining ``acoustic consonant'' and ``acoustic vowel'' allows us to say that coarticulatory effects on an acoustic vowel are effects of an underlying (articulatory or phonological) consonant, without implying that the ``actual'' consonant and vowel are realized elsewhere. |
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http://www.tomveatch.com/Veatch1991/node41.html
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| | Implosive consonant - Network Live |
| | Implosives are found in approximately 10%-15% of the world's languages. | | | ejective consonants, where it is the velar articulation that is most common, and the bilabial that is rare. | | | That is, the airsteam is controlled by moving the glottis downward, rather than by expelling air from the lungs as in normal pulmonic consonants. |
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http://implosive_consonant.networklive.org
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