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| Â | Calculator :: Online Encyclopedia :: Information Genius |
 | | Engineers and accountants often make use of calculators, where a computation is not complex enough to demand the use of a general-purpose computer. | | | The most advanced modern calculators are programmable, can display graphics, and include features of computer algebra systems. | | | The first programmable hand-held calculator was the HP-65, in 1974; it had a capacity of 100 instructions, and could store and retrieve programs with a built-in magnetic card reader. |
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http://www.informationgenius.com/encyclopedia/c/ca/calculator.html
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| Â | CALCULATING MACHINE |
| | Machines of this kind are designed to produce arithmetical and other tables which shall be rigorously correct. | | | A valuable feature introduced into this machine is the power of printing the tables as fast as it calculates them. | | | The principle upon which these machines are constructed may be described as follows: In the manner in which quantities are combined in the common system of numeration, the value of each figure is ten times greater than it would be if it occupied a position one place to the right. |
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http://www.history.rochester.edu/appleton/c/calcmac.html
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| Â | History |
| | Only then did they surrender gracefully to the appearance of the electrical calculating machine and later to the electronic computer. | | | Since dad was busy at home in adding columns of numbers Blaise decided to invent a machine which will free his father from this tedious task. | | | The next 'generation' of calculating machine came from a Swedish inventor Willgodt T. Odhner. |
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http://www.webcom.com/calc/CalcMach.html
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| Â | History of Mechanical Calculators - Part I |
| | The purpose of this document is to briefly describe the most common non-electronic calculating devices within an historical context, and to create a source of reference to other pages in the Internet related with this topic. | | | By the end of the 18th Century, calculating machines were still curiosities used for display purposes, rather than for actual use. | | | ature has countless examples of mechanical solutions to practical problems, so it comes as no surprise that the first attempt to design a calculating machine was probably made by the master of machine artifacts, Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). |
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http://www.dotpoint.com/xnumber/mechanical1.htm
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| Â | Early Office Museum Adding and Calculating Machines |
| | An office equipment book explains that "The adding machine prints the items as it is operated while the calculating machine only indicates the items without printing them. | | | Our earliest photograph with an adding or calculating machine shows a Burroughs adding machine in a Sears, Roebuck and Co. office in 1906. | | | On early table-making, see Martin Campbell-Kelly and William Aspray, Computer: A History of the Information Machine, 1996, pp. |
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http://www.officemuseum.com/calculating_machines.htm
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| Â | Namesakes |
| | A Turing machine is an abstract representation of a computing device. | | | In 1950 he proposed a bold measure for machine intelligence: If a person could hold a typed conversation with 'somebody' else, not realizing that a computer was on the other end of the wire, then the machine could be deemed intelligent. | | | This simple 'Turing machine' served as the model for all later digital computers." From Biography's entry for Alan Turing. |
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http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/html/name.html
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| Â | Technology - canada.com |
| | German scientist Konrad Zuse's Z3 calculating machine used relays instead of vacuum tubes but according to the history books it had many of the features of modern computers. | | | But Germany did some pioneering work on computer theory in the 1930s. | | | For instance, a recent book, Kim Vicente's The Human Factor, chillingly recounts the story of how the Nazis used IBM's punch-card technology -- also called Hollerith machines -- as part of its genocidal program. |
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http://www.canada.com/technology/story.html?id=b883bfe0-0c70-4832-93ee-ff7dc4d90ea6
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| Â | Sketch of The Analytical Engine |
| | We see that the machine here performs the office of the third section of calculators mentioned in describing the tables computed by order of the French government, and that the end originally proposed is thus fulfilled by it. | | | The table of squares, for instance, can be calculated to any extent whatever, when the numbers one and two are furnished; and a very few differences computed at any part of a table of logarithms would enable the engine to calculate many hundreds or even thousands of logarithms. | | | The machine is not only capable of executing those numerical calculations which depend on a given algebraical formula, but it is also fitted for analytical calculations in which there are one or several variables to be considered. |
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http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html
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| Â | Calculating machine utilization |
| | To calculate the machine utilization, we need to know the number of hours per year a particular machine is available. | | | For that purpose we need the efficiency of the machine, which we calculate from | | | In words, the number of hours the machine is operational in a year is the number of working hours in a year times the efficiency of the machine ( |
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http://www-mtl.mit.edu/CIDM/memos/94-12/subsubsection3.3.6.2.html
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| Â | Museum of Soviet Calculators |
| | My name is Andrew Davie, I'm based in Hobart, Tasmania, and I'm a collector of hand-held computing devices such as slide rules and electronic calculators. | | | Here you can see details of the machines in my collection, and an attempt at a rarity rating for every machine on the site. | | | On this site you will find pictures and details about all the Soviet electronic calculators that I know about. |
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http://www.taswegian.com/MOSCOW/soviet.html
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| Â | US Patent 2,525,352; Oct. 10, 1950 |
| | In the accompanying drawings a form of embodiment of the calculating machine according to the invention is shown on an enlarged scale by way of example, the figures showing only those components which are required for the understanding of the invention. | | | 8, 9, 10 and 11 diagrammatically represent some details of the minimum size calculating machine, relevant to the invention. | | | For more information, see Rick Furr's CURTA Calculator page. |
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http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Horizon/1404/curpat.html
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| Â | Thomas Fowler's Calculating Machine |
| | In 1840 Thomas Fowler invented a calculating machine which was the first to recognise the advatage of using a low-order (tertiary) computation. | | | The illustration below is a close-up of a panel from a stain-glass window erected by his son Hugh Fowler in memory of his father, and other members of the family. |
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http://www.thomasfowler.org.uk/calc.htm
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| Â | Xap Student Center :: career details :: Billing, Posting, and Calculating Machine Operators |
| | Transfers data from machine, such as encoding machine, to computer. | | | Cleans machines, such as encoding or sorting machines, and replaces ribbons, film, and tape. | | | Duties include operating special billing machines to prepare statements, bills, and invoices, and operating bookkeeping machines to copy and post data, make computations, and compile records of transactions. |
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http://www.xap.com/career/careerdetail/career43-3021.03.html
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| Â | The EDSAC - an Electronic Calculating Machine |
| | Punched tape is used for input and a teleprinter for output. | | | The EDSAC is a large-scale electronic calculating machine in which ultrasonic delay units are used for storage of orders and numbers. | | | The paper describes the functions of the various units of which the machine is composed, and explains with block diagrams the manner in which orders are taken one by one from the store and executed. |
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http://stacks.iop.org/0950-7671/26/385
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| Â | CALCULATING MACHINES |
| | The abacus ( invented by those wacky Babylonians about 3000 BC) is regarded as the first calculating machine whose beads can be used to add, subtract, multiply and divide! | | | Need I mention Pascaline's Digital Adding Machine, Gottfried Leibniz's "Hand Cranked Calculator," Charles Babbage's ( aka "the father of the modern computer") Difference Machine or Analytical Machine? | | | Before the advent of Gak, many folk built mechanical calculating machines! |
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http://www.weirdrichard.com/machine.htm
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| Â | Calculating machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | A Calculating machine is a machine designed to come up with calculations (i.e. | | | It shouldn't be confused with a calculator which is for solving sums. | | | This page was last modified 05:36, 30 Dec 2003. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculating_machine
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| Â | Thomas Fowler's Ternary Calculating Machine |
| | The machine uses balanced (or signed) ternary, a variation of base three where each digit is represented by either "-", "0" or "+". | | | Fowler planned a machine with 55 places, equivalent to a decimal capacity of 8.72 x 10^25. | | | The capacity of this machine is seven places in the product, equivalent to a decimal value of 1093. |
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http://www.mortati.com/glusker/
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| Â | No. 1297: Verea's Calculating Machine |
| | He tossed off a brilliant invention -- one machine that perfectly anticipated the next step toward digital computers. | | | In 1878 Verea was granted a patent for a calculating machine. | | | But never has it been so literally so as it was in the case of Ramón Verea -- and his astonishing calculating machine. |
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http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1297.htm
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| Â | abacus -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | It is the ancestor of the modern calculating machine and computer. | | | The earliest “abacus&; likely was a board or slab on which a Babylonian spread sand so he could trace letters for general writing purposes. | | | plural Abaci, or Abacuses, calculating device, probably of Babylonian origin, that was long important in commerce. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=3239
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| Â | Charles Babbage |
| | from Babbage's Calculating Engines, The Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing; v. | | | Charles Babbage designs the Difference Engine but the machine will never be realized. | | | Throughout his life Babbage worked in many intellectual fields typical of his day, and made contributions that would have assured his fame irrespective of the Difference and Analytical Engines. |
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http://www.thocp.net/biographies/babbage_charles.html
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| Â | Austria Calculating Machine |
| | His love of machines made him to work on the development of office machines. | | | He improved the Thomas-system and started the production of his own stepped-drum calculator. | | | Model III had 6 digits in the setting register, 12 in the result register and 7 in the counting register. |
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http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/pic_austria.htm
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| Â | IBM Archives: Leibniz Calculating Machine (replica) |
| | In 1671 Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716) invented a calculating machine which was a major advance in mechanical calculating. | | | Although the Leibniz calculator was not developed for commercial production, the stepped drum principle survived for 300 years and was used in many later calculating systems. | | | The Leibniz calculator incorporated a new mechanical feature, the stepped drum — a cylinder bearing nine teeth of different lengths which increase in equal amounts around the drum. |
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http://www-1.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/attic3/attic3_037.html
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| Â | Austria Calculating Machine |
| | When the crank is turned, the result register is locked down, as is the slide lever that switches the machine between addition and subtraction. | | | This stepped drum machine (serial number 1837) has 18 places in the result mechanism, 9 places in the setting mechanism, and 9 places in the revolution counter. | | | Once lifted, the register is automatically pulled one digit to the left or right by a spring-loaded pulley at the rear of the machine." Jay M. Goldman. |
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http://www.dotpoint.com/xnumber/pic_austria2.htm
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| Â | Liliput Calculating Machine |
| | This machine is unique in its size: only 12 inches long, 6 inches deep, and 4 inches high. | | | This rare model (serial number 6580) is a full featured stepped drum machine with 12 places in the result mechanism, 9 places in the setting mechanism, and 8 places in the revolution mechanism. | | | It also has collapsible legs which can be raised to set the machine at an angle for easier access. |
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http://www.dotpoint.com/xnumber/pic_liliput.htm
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| Â | Curta Calculating Machine |
| | Finally (hang on to your hats, folks!) the top half of the cylinder may be rotated such that the input register's digits are applied to whichever place setting in the output register you want, with the corresponding counter digit being incremented. | | | From the land of yodelling watchmakers comes this amazing cylinder, crammed to bursting with precisely machined parts. | | | It provides for a fast multiply-by-ten, and can be used to make repeated addition feasible for multiplication of large numbers. |
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http://www.cryogenius.com/hardware/curta
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| Â | Guardian Unlimited The Guardian Andrew Anthony: grief and football - only one is a sport |
| | For this, as Francis Wheen details in his book How Mumbo-Jumbo Conquered The World, the professor was called a "rat-faced little loser" by the Daily Mirror, a "desiccated calculating machine" by Lord St John of Fawsley, and an "old-fashioned snob" by Tony Blair. | | | Conspicuous Compassion, written by Patrick West and published by the thinktank Civitas, goes much further than O'Hear and suggests that the outpourings of public sorrow that attended, for example, the murder of Jill Dando and Sarah Payne were "grief lite". | | | O'Hear made the point that while the popular expression of grief may have been genuine, it was none the less out of proportion. |
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http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,1155257,00.html
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| Â | Early Calculators |
| | These pages exhibit some non-HP calculators that were introduced anywhere from centuries ago to the late 60's. | | | The Friden EC 132 (A very early pre-RPN calculator) |
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http://www.hpmuseum.org/prehp.htm
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| Â | Leonardo |
| | Already during this time he sketched pumps, military weapons and other machines. |
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http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leonardo.html
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