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| | Dvorak Keyboard |
 | | He computed that a Sholes typist's fingures move an average of 16 miles a day, compared with a single mile for a typist using Dvorak. | | | Keyboard toggle switching between Dvorak and QWERTY are advertised for other computers and electronic typewriters that cost hundreds of dollars more than the 8-bit Atari. | | | Here's a clue: it's the part of your Atari computer that was designed over 100 years ago--the keyboard! |
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http://www.atarimagazines.com/v5n11/dvorakkeyboard.html
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| | Christopher Sholes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | This concept was later refined by Sholes and is still in use today on both typewriters and computers. | | | James Densmore, a business associate, suggested splitting up commonly used letter combinations in order to solve a jamming problem. | | | His version of the typewriter was based on a page-numbering machine he received a patent for in 1864. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Sholes
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| | keys1 |
| | As a partial solution to this problem, Sholes arranged his keyboard so that the keys most likely to be struck in close succession were approaching the type point from opposite sides of the machine. | | | The simulation showed that the alphabetically organized keyboards were between 2% and 9%n slower than the Sholes keyboard, and the Dvorak keyboard was only about 5% faster than the Sholes. | | | These figures correspond well to other experimental studies that compared the Dvorak and Sholes keyboards and to the computations of Card, Moran, and Newell. |
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http://www.utdallas.edu/~liebowit/keys1.html
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| | Search Tuna Report for Christopher Sholes |
| | With the advent of the electric typewriter the argument that the little fingers were doing too much work for their strength was seriously diminished, and based on experience it would seem that the modern computer QWERTY requires even less work. | | | Today In Technology History - Mar 1 With the help of two inventor friends, Sholes spent a few years building and patenting a machine for numbering the pages of books.... | | | Previews by Thumbshots The Sholes QWERTY Keyboard Open... |
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http://www.searchtuna.net/ftlive/1943.html
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| | GRAPHIC COMM CENTRAL |
| | Sholes read a magazine article on another early version of a typewriting machine. | | | Christopher Latham-Sholes and the Birth of "Desktop Publishing" | | | The typewriter seemed to be a logical guns-to-butter move as well, but it was by no means an instant success. |
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http://www.teched.vt.edu/gcc/HTML/PrintingsPast/BirthofDP.html
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| | The First Typewriter |
| | It's said Sholes was working on a machine to automatically number the pages in books, when one of his colleagues suggested the idea might be extended to a device to print the entire alphabet. | | | There was nothing for spacing, line advance or any "normal" typewriter feature. | | | Sholes thought of a simple device with a piece of printer's type mounted on a little rod, mounted to strike upward to a flat plate which would hold a piece of carbon paper sandwiched with a piece of stationery. |
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http://home.earthlink.net/~dcrehr/firsttw.html
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| | Written biography of Christopher Latham Sholes Life of Christopher Latham Sholes |
| | Sholes also developed the Qwerty keyboard that is still in use today.Sholes was born on February 14, 1819, near Mooresburg Pennsylvania. | | | Christopher Latham Sholes(1819-1890) has been called the "Father of the Typewriter." Although he did not invent it, he did develop the first practical commercial machine. | | | Even as he neared his death in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on February 17, 1890, his bed was often crowded with models of inventions.Because he had not associated his name with either the machine or its producers, he was forgotten. |
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http://www.newessay.com/biographies/Christopher_Latham_Sholes-28167.html
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| | Sholes, Christopher Latham |
| | In 1878 Sholes developed a shift-key mechanism that made it possible to touch-type. | | | Helicon Publishing is a division of Research Machines plc. | | | In 1873, they sold their patents to Remington & Sons, a firm of gunsmiths in New York, who developed and sold the machine commercially. |
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http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0033612.html
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| | myTypewriter.com - Typewriter History - An Online Classic Typewriter Store |
| | The Sholes and Gliden model, wrote capitals only, is the first for introducing the QWERTYT keyboard, which is still used in computer keyboard of today. | | | The typing mechanism of the first model is referred as an "up-strike" design. | | | Their prototype model, which is still preserved by the Smithsonian Institution, incorporated many if not all the ideas from the early pioneers. |
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http://www.mytypewriter.com/generic.html?pid=21
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| | The Sholes (QWERTY) Keyboard |
| | Unfortunately, even after the jamming problem was overcome by the use of springs, the monster was loose amongst us -- existing users didn't want to change and there was no turning back. | | | Sholes keyboard (which is known to us as the | | | one problem with the first machines was that the keys jammed when the operator typed at any real speed, so Sholes invented what was to become known as the Sholes keyboard. |
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http://www.maxmon.com/1874ad.htm
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| | The Switchable Dvorak, Qwerty Keyboard* |
| | Sholes had to solve this problem of jammed machines. | | | In 1872, when Christopher Sholes invented the first practical typewriter, he was faced with a serious problem: his typists constantly jammed their machines. | | | Because typewriting mechanisms were bulky and heavy, those early machines were designed to be typed using only the two index fingers, with what came to be known as the Columbus method. |
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http://www.dvortyboards.com/about.html
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| | QWERTY - The Real Story! SuperKids Software Review |
| | And since we've just completed a set of reviews of learn-to-type software, we thought it would be fitting to examine the history of the keyboard. | | | In 1867, Christopher Latham Sholes, a Milwaukee printer, filed a patent application for a mechanical writing machine. | | | Sholes worked for the next six years to try to eliminate this problem, trying mechanical changes and different keyboard arrangements. |
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http://www.superkids.com/aweb/pages/features/qwerty/qwerty.shtml
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| | 1790 |
| | JGA Eickhoff builds a four-cylinder perfecting press, first machine capable of printing two sides of paper simultaneously. | | | Christopher Sholes is awarded a U.S. patent on the first mechanical typewriter. | | | The Times installed a Walter web-fed press (that is, a press which used a roll of paper rather than separate sheets). |
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http://www.utm.edu/departments/acadpro/library/information_pages/timeline/timeline1898.htm
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| | Dvorak History |
| | In practical terms, then, Sholes anti-engineered the keyboard. | | | So he moved the characters around in a way that made the most common combinations hard to type, in order to SLOW THE TYPIST DOWN so that jams would not occur. | | | Dvorak found that the QWERTY arrangement is actually considerably worse than a random arrangement! |
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http://www.mwbrooks.com/dvorak/history.html
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| | [No title] |
| | In the United States, the most common keyboard layout for computer keyboards remains the one designed by Christopher Sholes for the original Remington "Type Writer" in 1876. | | | Note that I have also swapped CAPS LOCK with the left CONTROL key and exchanged the parentheses with the angled brackets (less than and greater than). | | | This layout is commonly called QWERTY after the order of the first few letters on its top row. |
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http://www.visi.com/~pmk/evolved.html
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| | typewriterscenter.com - Typewriters Information & Resource Center |
| | One stop shop for information and resources about office chairs. | | | Article on this martyr, probably of the third century. Although Christopher has been a center of popular legend since the sixth century, all that can be known for certain is that he was a great martyr. | | | A list of links to web pages related to Christopher Columbus. Designed for fifth and sixth grade students. |
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http://www.typewriterscenter.com/christophersholestypewriter
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| | Christopher L. Sholes |
| | Smith Corona Succumbs to Changing Times, Files for Bankruptcy.(Originated from The Philadelphia Inquirer) (Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News) | | | Publisher and politician Sholes invented the first practical typewriting machine (the name was coined by the | | | Related content from HighBeam Research on: Christopher L. Sholes |
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http://webcenter.aol.teachervision.com/ipa/A0906802.html
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| | Science Museum Typewriters - machines to supersede the pen Introduction |
| | Christopher Sholes: Inventor of the first commercial typewriter. | | | These machines were usually one-offs and it was not until 1874 that a typewriter became a commercial success. | | | The first machine produced wrote in capitals and was heavily influenced by the workings and appearance of the sewing machine, which was also produced by Remington. |
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http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/online/typewriters/index.asp
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| | Invent Now Hall of Fame Search Inventor Profile |
| | Christopher Sholes invented the first practical typewriter and introduced the keyboard layout that is familiar today. | | | Shortly after, he moved to Wisconsin where he worked as a printer, editor, and journalist. | | | As he experimented early on with different versions, Sholes realized that the levers in the type basket would jam when he arranged the keys in alphabetical order. |
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http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/168.html
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| | Christopher Lydon - encyclopedia article about Christopher Lydon. |
| | Christopher Lydon (born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1940) is an American media personality and author whose work in radio includes creating The Connection for WBUR. | | | The Connection was a radio call-in program from WBUR that ran from 1994 to 2005. | | | This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. |
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http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Christopher+Lydon
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| | QWERTY Keyboard History - Invention of the QWERTY Keyboard |
| | Sholes asked his brother-in-law to rearrange the keyboard so that the commonest letters were not so close together and the type bars would come from opposite directions. | | | Sholes didn't know how to keep the keys from sticking, so his solution was to keep the typist from typing too fast. | | | The only efficiency it added was to slow the typist down, since almost any word in the English language required the typist's fingers to cover more distance on the keyboard. |
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http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/story098.htm
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| | Early Typewriter History |
| | To fix this problem, Sholes obtained a list of the most common letters used in English, and rearranged his keyboard from an alphabetic arrangement to one in which the most common pairs of letters were spread fairly far apart on the keyboard. | | | Note that Sholes hadn't imagined that typing would ever be faster than handwriting, which is usually around 20 words per minute (WPM) or less. | | | However, then as now there was widespread belief in the myth that the benefits of retraining typists were not worth the costs, and to this day the qwerty keyboard layout has remained the industry standard. |
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http://www.mit.edu/~jcb/Dvorak/history.html
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| | QWERTY - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The QWERTY design was patented by Christopher Sholes in 1868 and sold to Remington in 1873, when it first appeared in typewriters. | | | Proprietory, protereotype, and rupturewort are sometimes conjectured as the longest words but these are not available in most dictionaries. | | | Frequently-used pairs of letters were separated in an attempt to stop the typebars from intertwining and becoming stuck, thus forcing the typist to manually unstick the typebars and also frequently blotting the document. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY
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| | The Dvorak Keyboard |
| | Indeed, Christopher Sholes, the mechanical designer who was first to build a typewriter using the now familiar QWERTYUIOP arrangement, did so because it was inefficient. | | | (The ANSI standard for the Sholes keyboard is X3.n23. | | | Its number is X3.n22 (but I can't remember the value of "n"), and it is entitled "Alternate Keyboard Arrangement for Information Processing" or something like that. |
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http://www.cs.utk.edu/~shuford/terminal/dvorak_advice.html
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| | Milwaukee man's invention was first draft of the modern typewriter |
| | Dozens of tinkerers were attempting to develop a writing machine in the 1860s, but the breakthrough came in a W. State St. machine shop in 1867 when several Milwaukee men built the first feasible model. | | | Sholes, who vastly underestimated his accomplishment's long-term worth and was eager to cash out, received only $12,000 for his initial interest. | | | The typing machine built by Sholes and collaborators Carlos Glidden, Samuel Soule and Matthias Schwalbach "looked something like a cross between a small piano and a kitchen table," said the historian Richard N. Current. |
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http://www.jsonline.com/news/state/wis150/stories/0405sesqui.stm
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| | Communication-Related Inventors and Inventions: EnchantedLearning.com |
| | Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soulé also worked in the Kleinstuber Machine Shop with Sholes, and they helped with his inventions. | | | His device transmitted speech sounds over electric wires, and his idea has remained one of the most useful inventions ever made. | | | There was no way of spacing the letters, no carriage return, and no shift keys; these features would be added to later models. |
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http://www.enchantedlearning.com/inventors/communication.shtml
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| | MSN Encarta - Search Results - Christopher Sholes |
| | Born in Mooresburg, Pennsylvania, Sholes helped to revolutionize... | | | MSN Encarta - Search Results - Christopher Sholes | | | Sholes, Christopher Latham (1819-1890), American inventor, printer, and journalist. |
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http://ca.encarta.msn.com/Christopher_Sholes.html
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| | The QWERTY Myth: Newsroom: The Independent Institute |
| | The QWERTY design (patented by Christopher Sholes in 1868 and sold to Remington in 1873) aimed to solve a mechanical problem of early typewriters. | | | It tells you plenty about the history of the typewriter -- but what every economist should have concluded from it was that another example of "locking in" had better be found. | | | When certain combinations of keys were struck quickly, the type bars often jammed. |
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http://www.independent.org/tii/news/990403Liebowitz.html
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| | History of ASCII Art |
| | To many people, Christopher Latham Sholes is considered to be the inventor of the modern typewriter. | | | His first machine was completed in September of 1867. | | | Concrete poetry and typography continues today as evidenced by this modern 1997 example created by 'Donovan' (X |
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http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/7373/history.htm
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| | Sholes, Charles C. (Charles Clark), 1816-1867 |
| | There are a few brief references to Sholes' work in New York overseeing the printing and sale of railroad bonds in 1854, to his activities as speaker of the assembly, and to his purchase or telegraph lines serving Madison, Milwaukee, Janesville, and Beloit in 1855. | | | However, the researcher assumes full responsibility for conforming with the laws of libel, privacy, and copyright which may be involved in the use of this collection ( | | | Sholes, and the Wisconsin State Senate of 1867 of which Sholes was a member. |
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http://www.uwm.edu/Library/arch/findaids/mssbs.htm
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| | Re: CHRISTOPHER SHOLES, Groton, CT |
| | If so, I am a decendent also and would like to share or even get more information. | | | I was looking at the different reply's to Christopher Sholes. | | | I was wondering if this is the same Christoper Sholes who invented a type of the typerwriter? |
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http://genforum.genealogy.com/sholes/messages/38.html
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| | Taking on QWERTY's illogic CNET News.com |
| | He rearranged the letters into their current form in order to keep commonly used letters on different sides of the machine, reducing those collisions. | | | Modern typewriter inventor Christopher Sholes initially experimented with arranging the keys in alphabetical order but discovered that the bars holding the letters collided and jammed too often as they struck the paper. |
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http://news.com.com/Taking+on+QWERTYs+illogic/2100-1041_3-6005547.html?part=rss&tag=6005547&subj=news
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| | Victorian Gamer - 01/2000 - Biography |
| | Patent for the "Electric Pen", used to develop the mimeograph. | | | Helped Christopher Sholes make the first successful working typewriter for commercial use. | | | First sale of an invention, the stock ticker to Gold and Stock Telegraphy Company for $40,000. |
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http://home.netcom.com/~jskipper/victoria/200001/Edison.html
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| | The First Commercial Typewriter |
| | Unfortunately, Sholes and Glidden never really capitalized on their invention, but instead sold the rights to a smooth-talking entrepreneur called James Densmore, who, in 1873, entered into a contract with a gun and sewing machine manufacturer to produce the device. | | | In 1867, Christopher Latham Sholes, Carlos Glidden, and Samual W. Soule invented what they called the Type-Writer (the hyphen was discarded some years later). |
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http://www.maxmon.com/1867ad.htm
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| | ABC News: Today in History - June 23 |
| | In 1868, Christopher Latham Sholes received a patent for his "Type-Writer." | | | In 1888, abolitionist Frederick Douglass received one vote from the Kentucky delegation at the Republican convention in Chicago, effectively making him the first black candidate nominated for U.S. president. | | | On June 23, 1969, Warren E. Burger was sworn in as chief U.S. justice by the man he was succeeding, Earl Warren. |
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http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=873159
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| | Research Practitioner |
| | The American inventor, Christopher Sholes, constructed the first usable typewriter. | | | During the 1850s and 1860s, many inventors tried to produce a workable typewriter, but none succeeded until 1867. | | | The first Remington typewriter came off the line in September, 1873. |
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http://www.researchpractice.com/archive/info_syst.shtml
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| | On Keyboarding... |
| | You may so charm us that we could soon | | | The Typewriter, invented in 1872 by Christopher Sholes, |
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http://www.geocities.com/rkpuma/keyboard.htm
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| | Inventors |
| | Milwaukee man's invention was first draft of the modern typewriter | | | The first practical typewriter -- invented by Christopher Latham Sholes, and was marketed by the Remington Arms company in 18 |
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http://www.rock-hill.k12.sc.us/schools/elem/odes/Hall-inventors.htm
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| | Re: CHRISTOPHER SHOLES, Groton, CT |
| | Would be interested to know what you have on Christopher. | | | In Reply to: CHRISTOPHER SHOLES, Groton, CT by Eleanor Dixon | | | Re: CHRISTOPHER SHOLES, Groton, CT Shelly Olson 8/27/01 |
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http://www.jenforum.com/sholes/messages/6.html
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| | Re: CHRISTOPHER SHOLES, Groton, CT |
| | In Reply to: Re: CHRISTOPHER SHOLES, Groton, CT by Shelly Olson | | | Re: CHRISTOPHER SHOLES, Groton, CT Michelle Leidhecker 3/30/05 | | | Let me know if you want more info. |
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http://www.jenforum.com/sholes/messages/35.html
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| | Food For Thought: Biographies |
| | Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von (German poet, dram.) |
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http://www.junkfoodforthought.com/bio/bio_S.htm
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