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Topic: Consonant cluster

Ads by Google      Finnish phonology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Consonants in unstressed positions are usually elided, but depending on dialect, meaning-distinguishing consonants may be left in place. In older borrowings, initial consonant clusters have been simplified. Should the word end in a vowel, then the geminate is simply added, e.g. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language_phonetics      American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology: Normal acquisition of consonant clusters Consonant clusters are a feature of many of the world's languages. Consideration of the information on consonant cluster development revealed 10 aspects of normal development that can be used in speech-- language pathologists' assessment and analysis of children's speech. Children learning to produce consonant clusters in any language have a challenging task, and those learning English have a uniquely complex situation. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3856/is_200105/ai_n8937877      The Tower of Babel Nakh languages are distinguished from other East-Caucasian languages by a multitude of consonant combinations as well as by an extremely specific feature: the possibility of consonant clusters in initial position. Resonants in such clusters are rather unstable: in particular, as a result of the weakening of -n- in clusters like -nC- (and sometimes in final position of polysyllabic words) nasalized vowels can appear in all Andian languages (except Andi, see [Gudava 1964]). Characteristic features of the PN system (compared to other North-Caucasian languages) are a lack of labialized consonants (see above on their development); defectivity of the lateral series; the opposition of velar and palatalized velar (palatal) consonants. http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/pref4.htm      Tamilweb: Words and their Pronunciation The nasal consonants ந, ன, ண, ங and à®® are pronounced variously based on the environment in which they occur. However, the consonant ண that occurs at the end of words is doubled and an enunciative vowel உ is added in spoken Tamil. க is pronounced 'k' in word initial position and in clusters: http://lrrc3.sas.upenn.edu/tamilonline/tamilwords.asp      All abstracts To put this paradoxical distribution another way, words that end in a consonant combine with the consonant-initial allomorph to create a sequence of two consonants, while words that end in a vowel, combine with the vowel-initial allomorph to create a sequence of two vowels. One solution to this problem would be to propose that the examples in (2b) are in fact coda-onset sequences, thus explaining the absence of such sequences word-initial position. The examples in (2b), however, are problematic since they contain consonant clusters that are not permissible in word-initial position. http://www.uni-siegen.de/~engspra/workshop/abstracts.htm      The Dêbiua Language I was inspired to the invention of Dêbiua by the word construction system of arabic, where roots are defined by consonant clusters, with vowels added according to a specific pattern to indicate fine meaning. A language where roots are defined by vowel clusters favorably has a sound system with many vowels. Currently, I intend to let all word classes not defined yet start with "m" - but it may well be that I will have to introduce another consonant... http://home.datacomm.ch/straub/lang      Artificial Languages -- Some Essential Features Other features: Simple and complex consonant gradation of lexical stems is a major feature of the language. Other features: Pre-tonogenesis language, which retains some syllable-final consonants and consonant clusters, has been partly artificially preserved. Quite complex consonant clusters occur syllable-initially and -finally (CCVCC). http://www.cc.jyu.fi/~tojan/alang/alang2.htm      PeÅ¡ud - KutjaraWiki In addition to this, several consonant clusters are allowed, both in the initial and final part of a syllable. In general, PeÅ¡ud shows a tendency towards CV syllables, and whenever possible, will break into syllables of this form. The values of these phonemes are given below. http://www.kutjara.com/wiki/index.php?title=PeÅ¡ud      A Contrastive Analysis of Hindi and Malayalam In Hindi vowel clusters are found in the word initial, medial and final positions. In both the languages the number of word medial clusters are more than that of initial clusters. In the word initial position with Nasal as first constituent, two types of clusters are found in both Malayalam and Hindi. http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2002/chap2.html      User's Guide For example, for the word “sun” you would select fricative for the /s/, nasal for the /n/ and unvoiced consonant, also for the /s/. Fluency Introduce fluency skills with lists of words that, for example, begin with vowels, or which are free of plosives or unvoiced consonants. Indicate whether you want the consonant(s) to be followed by high, mid or low vowels. http://www.pictureexpresssoftware.com/version_1.htm      [No title] As shown in table 3 the optimal configuration, in word initial, prevocalic position when cues are taken into account is for a fricative to precede a stop. Cues for stops and fricatives in clusters after silence. #pTðV#fðtðV#ptV#fTðVBurst for C1NO N/ANON/ABurst for C2N/AYESYESN/AFormants for C1NOYESNOYESFormants for C2YESYESYESYES This optimization can be extended to other phonotactic environments as well, having perhaps as a starting point the absolute word initial position where the perceptual gain from the fricative+stop configuration is maximized. Taking into account the cues of different segments in various contexts (Wright, 1996), optimal arrangements can be predicted. http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~gdanelis/osuwp55.doc      Language Miniatures 9: Consonant clusters Before we get into comparing languages, a thumbnail definition of what a syllable is. A syllable, in any language in the world, has as its nucleus a vowel (or vowel-like sound, because for example Czech has words like krk and vlk). Since there are many permutations (for example, 334 combinations of three consonants), it has been calculated that there are 768 ways of beginning a word with consonant(s)! Curious facts about other languages always lead to interesting insights. http://home.bluemarble.net/~langmin/miniatures/clusters.htm      Eddington PASAR Y SENTAROS: ACCOUNTING FOR THEALTERNATIVE VOSOTROS IMPERATIVE vosotros imperative and the initial consonants of the clitic pronouns are highly anomalous in the Spanish lexicon, while consonant clusters formed between the clitic pronouns and the final -r of the -r variety, as well as those formed with the null variety imperative, are common clusters.   The use of the null variety in place of the -d variety similarly serves to eliminate these unusual clusters.   In popular speech /d/ is often devoiced in syllable final position, and when followed by a voiceless consonant (Alarcos Llorach 184): http://www.ucm.es/info/circulo/no12/eddington.htm      Proposal for addition of CONSONANT BASE MARKER The CBM is to be used to mark the base consonant in a consonant cluster to remove ambiguities of the cluster's semantics in cases where a ZWJ or ZWNJ cannot suffice. The Consonant Base Marker (CBM) is being proposed so as to remove current ambiguities of a grapheme cluster's semantics. Below base consonant: The form in which consonants appear below the base glyph http://www.exnet.btinternet.co.uk/uniprop/proposalform.htm      auxiliary language desiderata Tones are good for speech recognition, I'm told by a colleague here who's into it (and consonants are bad, especially nasals and voiceless stops), and speech recognition is fashionable. I might agree to avoid diphthongs articulated at two very close vowel positions, as in your example 'ou'. Perhaps a language that can be read out in different ways? http://www.langmaker.com/outpost/xial.htm      Llathos There are a few other alternations which will be mentioned in the course of the grammar but do not merit their own symbol. The construct is generally formed with the suffix -Y. If the citation form ends in a consonant, the ending is added to it directly: cos -> coso. When considering which form of the "this" demonstrative, etc. to use, the ʔ counts as a normal consonant: http://www.ultrasw.com/pawlowski/brendan/Llathos.html      Indiana University Department of Linguistics - Dissertation Announcement This dissertation presents an optimality theoretic approach to the analysis of consonant clusters. In Yakut, a Siberian Turkic language, the maximal syllable is CVC with some restrictions on the sonority of the segments allowed in initial position in the syllable and restrictions on the sonority profile of consonant clusters allowed in medial heterosyllabic position in monomorphemic words. The Split Margin Hierarchy approach presented here expands on the current theory, enabling optimality theoretic analyses of CVC syllables as well as tautosyllabic consonant clusters (CCVCC syllables) and syllabification of medial consonant clusters (both tautosyllabic and heterosyllabic). http://www.indiana.edu/~lingdept/defense-ann-020517.html      LabPhon 8 - Abstracts In this study, we investigate the phonological development of the system of initial consonants and consonant clusters in two fraternal female twins. All of the forms were of the shape (C)(C)(C)VC, where the V was kept constant and to the degree possible so was the final consonant. A word list was constructed for both the phonological and phonetic study with at least two forms of each possible initial consonant or consonant cluster. http://www.ling.yale.edu/labphon8/Poster_Abstracts/Cohn.html      Cyberbank.Net Grammaticality of phonemic strings: With reference to pre-vocalic consonant clusters in American English ... Books : Grammaticality of phonemic strings: With reference to pre-vocalic consonant clusters in American English (Research paper - IBM San Jose Research Laboratory) Cyberbank.Net Grammaticality of phonemic strings: With reference to pre-vocalic consonant clusters in American English (Research paper - IBM San Jose Research Laboratory) Books Online Shopping http://www.cyberbank.net/shop/buy-item_id-B0007EYT0Q-search_type-AsinSearch-locale-us.html      Consonant cluster - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Many languages do not permit consonant clusters at all. Others believe that consonant clusters are more useful as a definition when they may occur across syllable boundaries: the Georgian gvbrdγvnis is an example of this type, containing four syllables, but only one vowel. Standard Arabic does not permit initial consonant clusters, or more than two consecutive consonants in other positions. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_cluster      firsthand: Phonics Lessons 2 by Gay Su Pinnell and Irene C. Fountas Noticing Double Consonants in the Middle of Words (Follow the Path) 111 Identifying Medial Consonant Sounds and Letters (Matching Words) 115 Using What Is Known to Solve Words (Word Race) 457 http://www.phonicsminilessons.com/grade2_toc.asp      Åsa Abelin's Dissertation Abstract tend to encode the semantic features in initial clusters rather than in final clusters. 5.2 Summary of the analysis of semantic features for final clusters 146 Final consonant clusters seem to be of less importance than the initial clusters in new sound symbolic words in Swedish.For the contrastive studies, the general results are that there are both similarities and differences between the expressions in the different languages. http://www.conknet.com/~mmagnus/SSArticles/abel1.htm      Lewisham Literacy Strategy Year One: Term Three W3 to segment to spell words containing consonant clusters in the initial position (CCVC) W4 to blend to read words containing consonant clusters in initial position (CCVC) W3 to segment to spell words containing consonant clusters in the final position (CCVC) http://ecs.lewisham.gov.uk/talent/pricor/litstrat/y1t3.htm      Grammaticality of phonemic strings: With reference to pre-vocalic consonant clusters in American English (Research ... Grammaticality of phonemic strings: With reference to pre-vocalic consonant clusters in American English (Research paper - IBM San Jose Research Laboratory) (Robert J Scholes) Grammaticality of phonemic strings: With reference to pre-vocalic consonant clusters in American English (Research paper - IBM San Jose Research Laboratory) Visit PosterShop for complete line of Fresco and other Art Posters and reproductions http://www.truefresco.com/bookshop/us/product/B0007EYT0Q.htm      3aSC9. Similarity scaling for consonants and consonant clusters in initial position. Knowing the perceived similarity between different consonants and consonant clusters in different syllable positions is important for models of word recognition that involve activation of neighborhoods of similar-sounding words. Similarity scaling for consonants and consonant clusters in initial position. Similarity data may also help in understanding whether clusters are single entities, or are decompositional. http://www.auditory.org/asamtgs/asa97pen/3aSC/3aSC9.html      Bilabial consonant 15.25 vs. 15.58), number of consonant s, word recognition point, and... in many cases these illegal consonant s are also followed by other... Vowels and Consonant s: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages http://hallencyclopedia.com/Bilabial_consonant      LabPhon 8 - Abstracts EPG contact patterns and contact index temporal trajectories all along each consonant cluster were analyzed for combinations of the consonants referred to above in a C##C a sequences (3 speakers). VCV linguopalatal contact patterns for the same consonants were used for evaluation of blending and assimilation. Combinations of two highly constrained consonants will be addressed in the final version of the paper. http://www.ling.yale.edu/labphon8/Poster_Abstracts/Recasens.html      [No title] This task was designed to assess productions of consonant clusters in a single word context. The phonetic font used in the score form is SILDoulosIPA. The task contains seventy-two words that comprise two examples of each word-initial and word-final consonant cluster commonly used by Australian adults. http://www.csu.edu.au/faculty/health/cmhealth/consonants.html      [No title] We consider these processes in detail in the next section. In these type of clusters the s is call pre-initial consonant and the other consonant is called the initial consonant. The syllable coda If there are no consonants at the end of the syllable we say it has a zero coda A single consonant is called the final consonant. http://rachaelanne.co.uk/teaching/uev/uev3.doc      Consonant cluster As many as 4 consonants can be in one syllable without any vowels. 6 consonants in a row can be found in verbs in the past tense such as scvrkl (shrank) forming two syllables and even a 7 consonant rarity could be contemplated in the verb scvrnkl (pinged off a surface). Another trick of Czech pronunciation is its tendency to cluster consonants. http://www.bohemica.com/czechonline/reference/pronunciation/consonant_clusters.htm      Consonant Clusters There are numerous combinations, and the table below contains examples of initial consonant clusters which Cantonese English learners usually find difficult. When two or more consonants are put together, either before or after the vowel, in a syllable, we call them a consonant cluster. Click on 'Exercises' to practise saying words containing initial as well as final consonant clusters. http://www.yuetwah.edu.mo/phonetics/clusters.htm      Esperanto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A large number of possible consonant clusters can occur, up to three in initial position and four in medial position (for example, in instrui, to teach). Final clusters are uncommon except in foreign names, poetic elision of final o, and a very few basic words such as cent (hundred) and post (after). Esperanto has the five vowels of Spanish and Swahili. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto      Education Place Activity: Picture a Business For example, you might hold up a book for a department store and ask students what they could find inside that begins with a certain cluster or digraph. Review initial consonant clusters or digraphs by having children think of something they have seen in one of the businesses. Before you discuss it in class, make this a homework assignment that children first research with their parents. http://www.eduplace.com/ss/act/picture.html      LINGUIST List 7.1501: Epenthesis after final consonant clusters Dear Linguists, Some weeks ago I posted a query asking for references on languages that allow single word-final consonants, but employ epenthesis following a word-final consonant cluster. Catalan and French belong to this group as well, only here epenthesis only applies to a subset of possible clusters, namely those that can form a complex onset (or rather those that cannot form a coda-onset cluster). In the other languages, epenthesis can optionally apply in the middle of the cluster as well, indicating that the cluster is not really genuine (i.e. http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/linguist/issues/7/7-1501.html      PDL Publications/Presentations Invited paper presented at the Southwestern Workshop on Optimality Theory 8, Tucson, AZ. Phonological change and the representation of consonant clusters in Spanish: A case study. Invited paper presented at the First Southern California Conference on Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego. http://www.slhs.sdsu.edu/pdlpublications.php      Re: intervocalic consonant clusters in Lojban & Vorlin What I find especially odd about it is that it occurs across a morpheme boundary. This is how the Skt rules go, and also how I > find more natural. In an earlier post, Mark Shoulson writes: > > I think most assimilation is likely to be regressive (i.e. http://nuzban.wiw.org/archive/9110/msg00094.html      Crossroads Accent Reduction Series 30 Problem Consonants and initial and final consonant clusters Programs are designed to improve the pronunciation of English vowels, consonants, consonant clusters, syllables, and words for speakers of specific languages. The Crossroad See It and Say It Accent Reduction series is designed to improve the pronunciation of English vowels, consonants, consonant clusters, syllables, and words for both general and specific audiences. http://www.esl.net/crossroads_accent_reduction.html      PG2:EFJ: INITIAL CONSONANT CLUSTERS These examples should help clarify the rune you've actually been following all your life. These practice sentences contain some of the most complex consonant clusters in American English. You may need additional practice, however, with final consonant clusters such as the following. http://www.uri.edu/comm_service/cued_speech/pg2efj.html      LINGUIST List 7.425: Word-final consonant clusters, Maledicta, Japanese We'd like to remind readers that the responses to queries are usually best posted to the individual asking the question. Can anyone provide some guidance on this respect? LINGUIST List 7.425: Word-final consonant clusters, Maledicta, Japanese http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/linguist/issues/7/7-425.html      North Sámi - KutjaraWiki Consonant gradation is an important morphophonological process also found in other Uralic languages, such as Finnish and Estonian. The following consonants or consonant clusters occur in word-final position. In other words, consonant gradation is, unlike Finnish and Estonian, phonemically grammaticalized. http://www.kutjara.com/wiki/index.php?title=North_Sámi      "Phonesthemes in Swedish" by Åsa Abelin Kn- is the initial consonant cluster which is most frequent both in absolute numbers and percentually. The following table shows which the most frequent initial consonant clusters are for the five most common meanings. To qualify as a phonestheme at least two words with the same initial consonant sequence and similar meaning should be found in the lexical material, and the likeness should not come from trivial morphological relatedness like derivation of e.g. http://www.ling.gu.se/~abelin/phonest.html      Consonant Cluster Craziness This game plays with the final /ll/ cluster. consonants and consonant clusters at the start and end of words Hopefully, your students now have a better understanding of the association of sound clusters and their relationship to creating and reading words. http://www.besd61.k12.il.us/webquests/4th%20Grade/consonant/cccteacher.htm      Sanokí consonants In the following consonant table, we display the 4 forms of each consonant in the order: medial, word-final, sentence-final, and paragraph-final. The following table demonstrates how these forms are composed for the cluster “kr”. These are written as a ligature of the first consonant with the ligand form of r. http://conlang.eusebeia.dyndns.org/ferochromon/ebisedian/sanoki-consonants.html      Romance languages: Results of Palatalization of Consonant Clusters Romance languages: Results of Palatalization of Consonant Clusters http://www.orbilat.com/Linguistics_Comparative/Phonetics/Palatalization.html      Consonant Clusters The usual result is that only one of the two consonants is pronounced; the other one vanishes. As you learn more Korean, you may see words like these: My advice for now: recognize that consonant clusters exist, and consult a good book or a good teacher if you need to know the pronunication rules. http://www.unification.org/ucbooks/kintro/cluster.htm      What is a consonant cluster? A consonant cluster is a group or sequence of consonants that appear together in a syllable without a vowel between them. This page is an extract from the LinguaLinks Library, Version 4.0, published on CD-ROM by SIL International, 1999. In the word chat, the letters c and h appear contiguously but are not a consonant cluster, even though both are separate consonants in other contexts (cat; hat). http://www.silinternational.com/lingualinks/literacy/referencematerials/glossaryofliteracyterms/WhatIsAConsonantCluster.htm      Section 11: Consonant Clusters: 'ch', 'gh' Consonant Clusters II Play the word or sentence; pronouce it aloud, and play it again to check your pronunciation. http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~chaucer/pronunciation/section11.html      [No title] The speech materials were designed to elicit speech samples with varying degrees of formality: word list, short text, and conversation. The words selected in the word list were (near) minimal pairs in order to control for phonological environment. The results of this study seem to support the notion that interlanguage phonology behaves in a similar fashion to natural language phonology terms of universal hierarchical relationships involving markedness. http://elex.amu.edu.pl/ifa/sle/a031.htm      Morphophonemics Practice The only true diphthongs (vowels pronounced as a single syllable) are au and ai. Most languages would object to that combination actually, for perfectly sensible reasons that make sense to people with a little training in phonetics. Most languages have fairly strict ideas about what sort of consonants area allowed to sit next to each other. http://www.vaior.com/morphhon.html      Sound and Sense The stops can be harsher than other consonants (since you have to stop the flow of air completely to say them), even though they often seem to make consonant clusters easier to say. Generally, the weaker a consonant, the easier it is to say (so that nasals, liquids, and semivowels are generally very quick and easy to articulate), but voiceless sounds are usually perceived as easier to say and softer than voiced sounds (which are actually weaker than their voiceless counterparts). But pay attention not just to the clusters within a single word but clusters formed between words as well -- e.g., not only the ftl combination in the word "softly" (/sa ftl i/) but also the nds cluster that is created when we put together the words "sound and sense" (/saυndæ nds εns/). http://gsteinbe.intrasun.tcnj.edu/tcnj/hotel/Julia.htm

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