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| | United States Patent Application: 0040092468 |
 | | An immunomodulatory oligonucleotide of claim 17, wherein the cytosine at the third position from the 5' end of the ISS is substituted with a 5'-bromocytidine and the cytosine at the seventh position from the 5' end of the ISS is substituted with a 5'-bromocytidine. | | | An immunomodulatory oligonucleotide of claim 11, wherein the cytosine at the third position from the 5' end of the ISS is substituted with a 5'-bromocytidine and the cytosine at the seventh position from the 5' end of the ISS is substituted with a 5'-bromocytidine. | | | An immunomodulatory oligonucleotide of claim 9, wherein the cytosine at the third position from the 5' end of the ISS octanucleotide is substituted with a 5'-bromocytidine. |
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http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1="20040092468".PGNR.&OS=DN/20040092468&RS=DN/20040092468
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| | Brainstorms: Cytosine Deamination from Both Sides |
| | Because a 10°C increase in temperature in vitro increases the rate of cytosine deamination 5.7-fold, cytosine deamination must be highly dependent on body temperature, which is consistent with the dramatic differences between the isochores of warm-blooded versus cold-blooded vertebrates. | | | Several lines of evidence further confirm that it is also the case for unmethylated cytosine and that cytosine deamination causes the majority of all C" src="/math/rarr.gif" border=0T and G" src="/math/rarr.gif" border=0A transitions in mammals. | | | DNA melting is rate-limiting for cytosine deamination, from which we infer that the rate of cytosine deamination should decline twofold for each 10% increase in GC content. |
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http://www.iscid.org/boards/ubb-get_topic-f-6-t-000290.html
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| | US06858721-20050222.html |
| | wherein X is carbon or nitrogen, Y is hydrogen, a halogen or a lower alkyl; and wherein cytosine nucleoside phosphorylase has an activity of catalyzing a reaction between a compound of formula (I) and a sugar phosphate to produce a corresponding cytosine nucleoside compound. | | | A method for producing a cytosine nucleoside compound characterized by comprising a step wherein a sugar phosphate and cytosine or a derivative of cytosine react in the presence of an enzyme having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 and having the activity of cytosine nucleoside phosphorylase to obtain the cytosine nucleoside compound; | | | wherein the derivative of cytosine is a compound expressed by formula (I), |
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http://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/patog/week08/OG/html/1291-4/US06858721-20050222.html
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| | World Intellectual Property Organization |
| | cytosine or adenine at PS11, guanine or adenine at PS12, guanine or thymine at PS13, guanine or cytosine at PS14, thymine or cytosine at PS15, guanine or adenine at PS 16, cytosine or thymine at PS 17, cytosine or thymine at PS 18, guanine or adenine at | | | A SLC6A4 isogene of the invention comprises thymine or cytosine at | | | In a preferred embodiment, the polymorphic variant comprises additional polymorphisms from the group consisting of adenine at a position corresponding to nucleotide 1317 and cytosine at a position corresponding to nucleotide 1815. |
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http://www.wipo.int/ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=01/09161.010208&ELEMENT_SET=DECL
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| | Brainstorms: Cytosine Deamination from Both Sides |
| | Because a 10°C increase in temperature in vitro increases the rate of cytosine deamination 5.7-fold, cytosine deamination must be highly dependent on body temperature, which is consistent with the dramatic differences between the isochores of warm-blooded versus cold-blooded vertebrates. | | | DNA melting is rate-limiting for cytosine deamination, from which we infer that the rate of cytosine deamination should decline twofold for each 10% increase in GC content. | | | I have previously illustrated that the effects of cytosine deamination, expressed through the conventional genetic code, appear to bias mutational consequences by increasing a protein's hydrophobicity and predisposition to form secondary structures. |
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http://www.iscid.org/boards/ubb-get_topic-f-6-t-000290.html
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| | News - Mylotarg Combined with Intensive Chemotherapy at Induction May Improve Remission Rates in Cases of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia |
| | GO was combined with DAT (daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, and thioguanine), DA (daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside), or FLAG-Ida (fludarabine, cytosine arabinoside, G-CSF, and idarubicin). | | | Consolidation treatment consisted of MACE (amsacrine, cytosine arabinosid, and etoposide), MidAc (mitoxantrone and cytosine arabinosid), or HiDac (cytosine arabinoside) with and without GO 3mg/m | | | Overall, 54 of 64 patients (84.4%) treated in induction chemotherapy achieved complete remission, with 53 patients in complete remission after the first course of treatment. |
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http://www.docguide.com/news/content.nsf/news/8525697700573E1885256D8C0031A083
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| | Cancer symptoms treatments - Dana-Farber Cancer Institute |
| | Yates J, Glidewell O, Wiernik P, et al.: Cytosine arabinoside with daunorubicin or adriamycin for therapy of acute myelocytic leukemia: a CALGB study. | | | Arlin Z, Case DC Jr, Moore J, et al.: Randomized multicenter trial of cytosine arabinoside with mitoxantrone or daunorubicin in previously untreated adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). | | | Lambertenghi-Deliliers G, Maiolo AT, Annaloro C, et al.: Idarubicin in sequential combination with cytosine arabinoside in the treatment of relapsed and refractory patients with acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. |
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http://www.danafarber.org/can/cancer/Default.asp?doc=CDR62869.xml&type=summary&lang=1&audience=1
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| | Brainstorms: Cytosine Deamination from Both Sides |
| | This is obviously detrimental to fitness, and hence one would expect that organisms that replaced uracil or cytosine would have a selective advantage; apparently uracil was replaced, which at partially solved the problem (in the context of error-repair mechanisms). | | | Recall that my original thesis for the utility of cytosine deamination is not a generic "stand alone" but is tied to the originally specified conditions. | | | For instance, cytosine deamination could conceivably have been used to front-load some general bias towards certain structural/chemical properties of proteins, but isn't it rather implausible to suggest that such a mechanism could be used to front-load "tendency to evolve flying insects?" |
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http://www.iscid.org/boards/ubb-get_topic-f-6-t-000290-p-3.html
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| | University of Miami School of Medicine - Glossary - C (cytosine) |
| | C (cytosine): C stands for cytosine, a DNA nucleotide that which is one member of the base pair in DNA consisting of guanine and cytosine. | | | In DNA, the code letters are A, T, G, and C, which stand for the chemicals adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, respectively. | | | In base pairing, adenine always pairs with thymine, and guanine always pairs with cytosine. |
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http://www.med.miami.edu/glossary/art.asp?articlekey=2569
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| | Methylation inhibitors can increase the rate of cytosine deamination by (cytosine-5)-DNA methyltransferase -- Zingg et al. 24 (16): 3267 -- Nucleic Acids Research |
| | Nucleophilic attack at the C6 of cytosine by the thiolate of a conserved cysteine-residue of the enzyme activates the otherwise inert C5 of cytosine. | | | The target cytosine is flipped out from the double-helix after binding to the specific target sequence and positioned into the catalytic pocket of the enzyme (40). | | | Furthermore, since the target cytosine of the (cytosine-5)-DNA methyltransferase is mutated with a high frequency in bacteria and in human cancer and genetic disease, the methylation reaction confers not only the possibility of epigenetic changes but could also increase the rate of genetic changes (20 - 24). |
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http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/24/16/3267
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| | Evolution's Design |
| | The bottom line is that spontaneous deamination of cytosine can lead to a base substitution known as a transition, where C is replaced by T (and G is replaced by A on the other strand of DNA). | | | Given that guanine deaminates at rates similar to adenine, and thymine lacks an exocyclic base, and thus experiences no deamination, we can see that the simple process of deamination would strongly favor cytosine as a target (figure 1). | | | We might expect such mutations to be quite common, as the rate constant for cytosine deamination at 37 degree C in single stranded DNA translates into a half-life for any specific cytosine of about 200 years [3]. |
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http://www.idthink.net/biot/deam/index.html
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| | Brainstorms: Cytosine Deamination from Both Sides |
| | Recall that my original thesis for the utility of cytosine deamination is not a generic "stand alone" but is tied to the originally specified conditions. | | | This is obviously detrimental to fitness, and hence one would expect that organisms that replaced uracil or cytosine would have a selective advantage; apparently uracil was replaced, which at partially solved the problem (in the context of error-repair mechanisms). | | | First, it reviewed the evidence that deamination of cytosine gave uracil, which meant that mutations couldn't be fixed. |
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http://www.iscid.org/boards/ubb-get_topic-f-6-t-000290-p-3.html
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| | Weill Cornell Research |
| | Wiernik PH, Glidewell O, Silver RT: A comparative trial of daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside and thioquanine, and a combination of the three agents for the treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia. | | | Silver RT, Mick R, Degnan TJ, Holland JF, Cavelli F: Attempted prevention of blast crisis in chronic myeloid leukemia by the use of pulsed doses of cytosine arabinoside and cis-chloronitrosurea during the course of busulfan- maintained remission. | | | Ellison R, Holland JF, Silver RT, Bernard J, Boiron M: Cytosine arabinoside: A new agent for induction of remissions in acute leukemia. |
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http://www.med.cornell.edu/research/richardtsilver/publications.html
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| | Turkish Journal of Cancer |
| | In high dose cytosine arabinoside + mitoxantrone and mitoxantrone + etoposide groups median remission durations were 4.3 (1-14) and 4.0 (1-10) months respectively. | | | High dose cytosine arabinoside + mitoxantrone group achieved a complete remission rate of 62.1% (18/29). | | | and subsequent relapse acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia patients complete remission rates of 76.9% (10/13) and 83.3% (5/6) were achieved respectively in high dose cytosine arabinoside + mitoxantrone group. |
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http://www.turkjcancer.org/summary_en.php3?id=197
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| | Motherisk |
| | Teratogenesis and Inhibition of DNA synthesis induced in rat embryos by cytosine arabinoside. | | | A neurochemical study of developmental impairment of the brain caused by the administration of cytosine arabinoside during the fetal or neonatal period of rats. | | | Teratogenic effects of the pyrimidine analogues 5-iododeoxyuridine and cytosine arabinoside in late fetal mice and rats. |
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http://www.motherisk.org/cancer/cytarabine.php3
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| | Cytosar Indications, Dosage, Storage, Stability - Cytarabine (Injectable) - RxList Monographs |
| | Haupt HM, Hutchins GM, Moore GW; Ara-C Lung: Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema Complicating Cytosine Arabinoside Therapy of Leukemia. | | | Slavin RE, Dias MA, Soral R: Cytosine Arabinoside Induced Gastrointestinal Toxic Alterations in Sequential Chemotherapeutic Protocols A Clinical Pathologic Study of 33 Patients. | | | Rudnick SA, et al: High-dose Cytosine Arabinoside (HDARAC) in Refractory Acute Leukemia. |
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http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/cytarabine_ids.htm
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| | Re: Cytosine appears lighter in colour than other nucletide bases under UV? |
| | Cytosine's absorbance maximum is around 270 nm at very alkaline pH and even higher at acidic pH. | | | Since the absorbance maxima of the other bases are closer to the wavelength of your UV lamp, the extinction coefficient of cytosine at that wavelength was probably lower than that of the other nucleotides. | | | The acidic conditions probably led to increased deamination of cytosine and its conversion to uracil. |
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http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/may2001/990738385.Bc.r.html
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| | Origin of life: instability of building blocks |
| | Also, cytosine is readily decomposed under solar UV radiation, which requires that prebiotic synthesis should be carried out in the dark. | | | Even if cytosine and ribose could have existed, there is no known prebiotic way to combine them to form the nucleoside cytidine, even if we granted unacceptably high levels of investigator interference. | | | Cytosine itself is too unstable to accumulate over alleged geological ‘deep time’, as its half life for deamination is 340 years at 25°C. Populist RNA-world propaganda |
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http://www.answersingenesis.org/tj/v13/i2/building_blocks.asp
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| | Cytosine (C) definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms |
| | Definition of Cytosine (C) Cytosine (C): One member of the G-C (guanine-cytosine) pair of bases in DNA. | | | Cytosine (C) definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms | | | Please consult your healthcare provider before beginning any course of supplementation or treatment. |
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http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2908
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| | Ortiz Quantum Chemistry Group: Diffuse-Bound and Valence-Bound Anions of Cytosine |
| | Among the five tautomeric cytosine structures, only the 1H-amino-oxo isomer is capable of forming both diffuse and valence-bound anions. | | | Five structures of the cytosine anion have been considered for both kinds of anions. | | | Diffuse-bound and valence-bound anions of cytosine have been examined with correlated, ab initio calculations employing large basis sets. |
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http://www.ksu.edu/chem/personnel/faculty/grad/jvo/ortiz/topics_cytosine.html
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