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| | Webopedia: DRAM Memory Guide |
 | | DRAM (dynamic random access memory) chips for personal computers have access times of 50 to 150 nanoseconds (billionths of a second). | | | All data on the computer is stored on the hard drive, but in order for the CPU to work with the data during normal operations, the data the computer uses and works with is read into the working memory, which is the RAM chips. | | | DRAM stands for dynamic random access memory, a type of memory used in most personal computers. |
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http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/dram_memory.asp
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| | dynamic random access memory from FOLDOC |
| | The first commercially available DRAM chip was the Intel 1103, introduced in 1970. | | | To reduce the pin count, thereby helping miniaturisation, DRAMs generally had a single data line which meant that a computer with an N bit wide data bus needed a "bank" of (at least) N DRAM chips. | | | Today, this is the preferred way to buy memory for workstations and personal computers. |
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http://foldoc.org/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?DRAM
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| | How memory works |
| | DRAM is more than a digital device, with only levels of 0 and 1; internally it is an analog device with a level detector. | | | DRAM is the most common and least expensive computer memory. | | | SRAM works on the principle of a switch that is turned on or off and requires 2 to 4 transistors for each bit (a bit has two states; on or off and is the smallest unit of memory storage and is made of one memory cell). |
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http://xtronics.com/memory/how_memory-works.htm
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| | Howstuffworks "How RAM Works" |
| | Another self-contained DRAM module for notebooks, cards of this type are not proprietary and should work with any notebook computer whose system bus matches the memory card's configuration. | | | Credit card memory is a proprietary self-contained DRAM memory module that plugs into a special slot for use in notebook computers. | | | CMOS RAM is a term for the small amount of memory used by your computer and some other devices to remember things like hard disk settings -- see Why does my computer need a battery? |
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http://computer.howstuffworks.com/ram4.htm
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| | SimpleTech Consumer Pages |
| | SDRAMs are projected to become the most-used category of DRAMs in the future for high-speed computers. | | | That is, while the EDO DRAM is retrieving an instruction for the microprocessor, the microprocessor can perform other tasks without worrying that the data will become invalid. | | | Signal propagation delays, i.e., the time from when the input signals are applied to when the output signals become valid, are the main speed consideration with FPM and EDO DRAMs; therefore, FPM and EDO DRAMs are measured in nanoseconds (ns). |
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http://www.simpletech.com/support/support_wp-dramwp.php
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| | Dynamic RAM (DRAM) |
| | DRAM costs much less than a processor because it is a series of simple, repeated structures, so there isn't the complexity of making a single chip with several million individually-located transistors. | | | These have evolved over many years of using DRAM for system memory, and are discussed in more detail in other sections. | | | It may seem weird to want to make the computer's memory out of something that can only hold a value for a fraction of a second. |
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http://www.pcguide.com/ref/ram/typesDRAM-c.html
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| | Memory Types PC66 PC100 PC133 PC150 DRAM FPM EDO SDRAM nDRAM |
| | DRAM is dynamic in that, unlike static RAM (SRAM), it needs to have its storage cells refreshed or given a new electronic charge every few milliseconds. | | | Some specialty designed DRAMs feature self refresh technology, which enables the components to refresh on their own - independent from the CPU or external consumption, and it is commonly used in notebook computers and laptop computer. | | | This is a protocol-based Memory technology like Rambus® DRAM, but is not a proprietary technology. |
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http://home.cfl.rr.com/eaa/MemoryTypes.htm
(3429 words)
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| | Reducing DRAM Access Latency |
| | Presented here is a brief summary of each of the latency components, followed by techniques that have been developed to reduce their impact. | | | In this work several potential latency contributors were not evaluated due to lack of information in the published literature. | | | A. Tanabe et al.," A 30-ns 64-Mb DRAM with Built-in Self-Test and Self-Repair Function," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Nov-92. |
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http://www-cad.eecs.berkeley.edu/~jimy/classes/dram/dram_access.html
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| | Using a 72 Pin SIMM (DRAM) |
| | I did find a circuit/article about interfacing DRAM, but with the 8051 it required the software to control the memory (I think wait until it was ready) I feel that the buffer memory should only require the normal memory access insctructions of the MCU and in the case of the 8051 it's not possible. | | | Jesper Hansen offered quite a bit of additional information, based on his work using a DRAM chip (not a SIMM) with his yampp project. | | | If you're trying to use DRAM memory in your own project, I hope you'll find this information useful. |
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http://www.pjrc.com/tech/mp3/simm/simm.html
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| | NewsForge DRAM Pricing: The Fix Is In |
| | These companies supply DRAM to PC-makers like Dell for use as the main memory in desktop and notebook computers. | | | However, at an industry conference in April 2002, Dell Computer's Chairman and CEO, Michael Dell, commented that memory suppliers must be benefiting from the recent rise in memory component prices. | | | More comprehensive DRAM market share details are provided in Tables 1 and 2, below. |
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http://www.newsforge.com/hardware/03/05/12/0125221.shtml?tid=7
(4409 words)
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| | VisionTek - SDRAM White Paper |
| | Synchronous DRAM provides the performance necessary to handle these tasks, alleviating the concerns of CPU manufacturers, and will become a driving force leading computing devices to a new level of functionality. | | | The asynchronous nature of DRAM used in electronics applications and PC architectures during the past decade allowed an autonomous implementation of memory solutions. | | | These technologies are driving the transition from a computing machine to a robust media platform serving several computing engines. |
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http://www.bahzone.net/mirror/Visiontek/sdramwp.html
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| | DRAM MEMORY TRENDS 2002 |
| | DRAM memories will be used in more point-to-point constructions instead of DIMM format. | | | Due to the high frequency design, engineers had to learn circuit simulation, signal integrity analysis, impedance matching and new component selections. | | | The evolution of technology and its process can sometimes stall the market progress in DRAM memory. |
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http://www.simmtester.com/page/news/showpubnews.asp?num=84
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| | Palm - Support - DRAM Test |
| | This indicates that your handheld is affected by the 8MB DRAM issue and that you need to download and install a software patch for your handheld. | | | If a unit is determined to have the faulty chip, the software patch will provide a complete fix. | | | If you are a Windows user and have downloaded the DRAMTest.zip (7 KB ZIP File) file: |
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http://www.palm.com/support/dram
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| | Elpida > Elpida Envisions DRAM For Wireless Devices > January 30, 2001 |
| | DRAM aimed at handheld mobile devices could open up a new market for non-PC memory, he added. | | | Hidemori Inukai, vice president and general manager of Elpida's technical marketing division, said the Internet's enormous -- and rapidly expanding -- voice and data requirements will force OEMs to turn away from more expensive SRAM and adopt higher-speed, cheaper DRAM as the main memory in their handheld devices. | | | We're currently doing 1-Gbit development at Sagamihara, but after the 300-mm fab opens, we will transfer all development to that facility. |
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http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20010130S0010
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| | RAM Guide - System DRAM Technologies |
| | As discussed earlier, DRAM was originally created to act as a fast middle-man to slow storage devices. | | | Once the small section of data actually being used was offloaded into memory, it could work with the microprocessor much faster and nearly eliminate delays. | | | Specific information on this memory technology can be found at the ESDRAM Website. |
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http://www.makeitsimple.com/articles/ramguide/ramguidep3.htm
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| | The Database of Recorded American Music (DRAM) |
| | Now with DRAM you might enter the word “whaling” into a keyword search field to return a list of every recording in the Database relevant to your search term. | | | In fact, the original inspiration for DRAM grew from this very example. | | | Only Dartmouth users who have entries in the Dartmouth Name Directory can access DRAM. |
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http://diglib.dartmouth.edu/search/dram.shtml
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| | DRAM |
| | This project intends to fill that gap by providing a comprehensive survey of DRAM operations, and various new DRAM architectures from a computer system designer's point of view. | | | However, to the best of our knowledge, there has been no recent comprehensive survey of DRAM operations, technology and architectures. | | | In this project, we explore the idea of using on-chip memory testing logic, called Built-In-Self-Test (BIST) to exploit this bandwidth and provide efficient in-memory implementation of memory block copy and clear operations. |
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http://www.ecsl.cs.sunysb.edu/bist.html
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| | HITACHI GLOBAL : News Release : Mechanism influencing DRAM cell retention time fluctuation clarified |
| | Thus, clarifying the mechanism behind memory retention time fluctuations was considered an essential step in the development of large capacity highly integrated DRAM. | | | This study has contributed to the fundamental understanding of memory cell retention performance, which will have a large impact on the continuation of large capacity, highly integrated, low power DRAM development. | | | To view them you need Adobe(R) Reader(R) by Adobe Systems Incorporated. |
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http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/051208a.html
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| | DRAM Products |
| | Our DRAM and SDRAM products range from legacy solutions like EDO/FPM memory technology to the very latest in high-bandwidth and low-power memory solutions like Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM, RLDRAM™, Mobile SDRAM, DDR2, and GDDR3 Memory. | | | Get the most out of your design with Micron's DDR and SDR memory solutions. |
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http://www.micron.com/products/dram
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| | Infineon boosts memory chip output CNET News.com |
| | The German DRAM (dynamic random access memory) maker announced Monday that it has inked a pair of deals with memory chip manufacturers that will boost its capacity by 20,000 wafers per month by 2003. | | | The Winbond deal, for example, "helps Infineon in terms of capacity as we head toward the upturn, and it helps Winbond secure technology," Norwood said. | | | The deals "will enhance our position in the upturn...and place us in a strong position, stronger than we are now." |
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http://news.com.com/2100-1001-856688.html
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| | Dynamic Random Access Memory - DRAM |
| | Short for Dynamic Random Access Memory, DRAM is one of the most commonly found memory modules in PC compatible personal computers and workstations. | | | When using this type of memory, if the computer is powered off, the information within memory will be lost. | | | DRAM stores its information in a cell containing a capacitor and transistor; because of this design, these cells must be refreshed with new electricity every few milliseconds allowing the memory to keep its charge and hold the data as long as needed. |
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http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/dram.htm
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| | dram's place |
| | I've built and reconfigured a lot of computers in my life. | | | One of our projects in Graphic Design 210 was to create a brochure. | | | posted by David "dram" Ramirez at 9:51 PM |
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http://www.dram.org/dp/blog
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| | DRAM Consultancy - Your Business Representative |
| | DRAM CONSULTANCY is the Sponsor and Strategic Alliance Partner of SAGE Software in the Kingdom of Bahrain. | | | We are a business consulting firm, offering niche solutions in the areas of People Capability Management and information technology (IT) to various blue chip clients, predominantly in the Arabian gulf region. | | | At DRAM CONSULTANCY, the emphasis is on understanding client's requirements and tailor complete solutions that deliver tangible value to an enterprises through. |
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http://www.dramconsultancy.com
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| | PCWorld.com - DRAM Market Rebounds |
| | Global DRAM makers increased output of the computer memory chips by just 2.65 percent in November, compared to a 10 percent increase in October, since most new chip plants reached nearly full capacity in November. | | | Market analysts reckon a shortage of chipsets needed to hook DDR2 up with the latest desktop microprocessors is to blame for its lackluster performance in the computer market. | | | DRAM supply growth will continue to be limited in the first half of 2006 since a number of DRAM makers have switched some production to flash memory chips, which are fetching better prices than DRAM, according to DRAMexchange. |
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http://www.pcworld.com/resource/article/0,aid,124007,pg,1,RSS,RSS,00.asp
(452 words)
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| | Rambus - XDR |
| | Rambus XDR™ DRAM technology is a total memory system solution that achieves an order of magnitude higher performance than today's standard memories while utilizing the fewest ICs. | | | The XDR solution achieves its performance using several components. | | | The XDR DRAM device is a high-speed memory IC that turbocharges standard CMOS DRAM cores with a high-speed interface capable of 3.2 and 4.0 GHz data rates with a roadmap to 4.8, 6.4, and 8.0 GHz in the future. |
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http://www.rambus.com/products/xdr
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| | Samsung DRAM Lecture |
| | Embedded logic in DRAM would be good for high performance chips. | | | Eliminating driving the data off-chip could eliminate 5ns from critical path. | | | A DRAM without a muxing scheme could have the same performance as an SRAM. |
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http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~pattrsn/294/LEC9/lec.html
(646 words)
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| | Denali Software, Inc.: Databahn™ DRAM Controller Solutions |
| | Databahn is the most widely used DDR controller solution, providing the optimal interface between IC designs and the DRAM memory devices. | | | Denali Memory Report is a monthly publication that provides valuable insights into technology, news, and economics in the semiconductor memory industry | | | Databahn is fully configurable for performance, power, gatecount, and multi-port data arbitration, and includes an integrated PHY. |
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http://www.denali.com/products_databahn_dram.html
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| | Ars Technica: RAM Guide: Part II: Asynchronous and Synchronous DRAM - Page 1 - (7/2000) |
| | I will, however, revisit many of those basic concepts in this edition's overview of current, mainstream DRAM technology, so it helps to have read and understood the entire first edition. | | | A closer look at Intel's processor numbers and 2004 road map | | | Since asynchronous DRAM doesn't operate based on any kind of common system clock pulse that it shares with the CPU, the timings of the control signals, addresses and data have to be consciously taken into account. |
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http://arstechnica.com/paedia/r/ram_guide/ram_guide.part2-1.html
(1080 words)
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| | Ars Technica: RAM Guide: Part I; DRAM and SRAM Basics - Page 1 - (7/2000) |
| | Part I will cover SRAM and asynchronous DRAM, while later parts will tackle more complex types of DRAM like Fast Page, EDO, and SDRAM as well as more exotic RAM technologies like RAMBUS and SGRAM. | | | A closer look at Intel's processor numbers and 2004 road map | | | Here in the first part of the Ars Technica RAM Guide, I'll do my best to explain the basic concepts and technologies that underlie most modern varieties of system RAM. |
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http://arstechnica.com/paedia/r/ram_guide/ram_guide.part1-1.html
(375 words)
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| | Bunnie's DRAM FAQ |
| | Many mfg's use sense amps or other row-width storage as small caches to decrease access time | | | This page created with Netscape Navigator Gold (thanks, Netscape!) | | | DRAM cells are so sensitive that stray alpha particles can induce errors (called soft errors by DRAM mfgs). |
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http://web.mit.edu/rec/www/dramfaq/DRAMFAQ.html
(970 words)
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| | PRODUCTS |
| | Ahead of the field, Elpida Memory is extensively promoting the development of XDR DRAM. | | | This technology suppresses the leakage current in the DRAM device — an unwanted side effect that occurs when pursuing low-voltage operation while maintaining or improving transistor performance. | | | The "dual-gate" transistor has recently been used for high-performance processors; however, this is its first use within a DRAM device. |
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http://www.elpida.com/en/products
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| | A DRAM renaissance? CNET News.com |
| | Rising DRAM prices could boost the fortunes of Samsung, Micron Technology, Infineon, Hynix and others. | | | Individual DRAM chips are packaged into modules of 128MB, 256MB or more for PCs. | | | If the cost for DRAM exceeds a certain price--usually 8 percent to 10 percent of the bill of materials for a PC--manufacturers may be forced to cut back on the memory allotments offered in new models or to shift other features to compensate. |
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http://news.com.com/A+DRAM+renaissance/2100-1004_3-5065456.html
(1099 words)
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| | SAMSUNG's Digital World - Semiconductor |
| | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., in advanced memory technology, today announced that it has begun mass producing 256Mb XDR™ (for "eXtreme Data Rate") DRAM, a next-generation memory device for multimedia... | | | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., in advanced memory technology, today announced that it has produced the world's first DDR3 DRAM (dynamic random access memory) device. |
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http://www.samsung.com/products/semiconductor
(172 words)
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| | DRAM To Recover > DRAM To Recover, Memory Prices Climb > August 19, 2003 |
| | The losers: users, who end up with either less memory in their new machines or pay more for the same amount. | | | That's good news to beleaguered DRAM manufacturers, especially the most troubled of the world's vendors, the South Korean-based Hynix Semiconductor. | | | But it could mean higher prices for new PCs later in the year, or machines with reduced amounts of RAM. |
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http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20030819S0012
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| | DRAM I Hynix Semiconductor |
| | The 4th_Generation graphics memory GDDR4 is improved in data processing speed double faster than GDDR3 for 64-bit computer operating system. | | | The GDDR4 can be applied to next generation notebooks that have to minimize power consumption by utilizing low-power consumption technology and reduced its operating voltage to 1.5V, and support almost all interfaces which will be used in next generation graphics memory such as Double-pumped Address, Multi-preamble and Data Bus Inversion. | | | In FB-DIMM, all signals -- clock, address, command and data -- to and from the DRAM on the module are buffered at the high-speed Advanced Memory Buffer (AMB) chip located on the DIMM. |
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http://www.hynix.com/eng/02_products/01_dram/index.jsp
(373 words)
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| | EETimes.com - How will Apple-Samsung deal impact DRAM? |
| | Apple Computer Inc.’s agreement to purchase a major portion of Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.’s NAND-type flash memory output in 2005 for use in iPod nano MP3 players is unlikely to impact DRAM pricing or supply in the near term, iSuppli Corp. believes. | | | Samsung and Hynix Semiconductor Inc. are capable of transferring production between DRAM and NAND depending on which product line offers better profitability. | | | This indicates that DRAM suppliers’ diversification to other products has not reduced DRAM bit growth as much as expected. |
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http://www.eetimes.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=171100244
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| | IEEE D&T Theme Issue on DRAM |
| | Trends in storage cell technology, DRAM-specific processes, circuit design methodology, fuse technology, packaging, reliability, failure analysis, high-performance architectures, RAMBUS versus SLDRAM, impact/developments/experiences in standards, cache-enhanced DRAMs. | | | Fault models, failure mechanisms, repair algorithms, built-in self-repair, DRAM test design, design-for-testability, built-in self-test, parallel test strategies, automatic test equipment. | | | Impact/developments/experiences in embedded macrocells, reconciling DRAM and logic requirements in a single process, logic-enhanced DRAMs, processors-in-memories, DRAMs embedded in ASICs, application-specific DRAMs (graphics, multimedia, communications, etc.) |
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http://www.ee.ualberta.ca/ce/dramissue.html
(240 words)
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| | Armenian dram - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | This page was last modified 09:50, 4 May 2006. | | | The banknotes in nominal value 1000 and 5000 drams were put into circulation since October 24, 1994 and September 1995, respectively. | | | In addition, the following banknotes are no longer legal tender (since April 1, 2004), but may be exchanged at banks: 10 drams, 25 drams, 50 drams, 100 drams. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dram_(currency)
(344 words)
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| | How To Start Trading DRAM Futures Contract |
| | Toshiba, used to be the number 1 in DRAM, has announced to exit the DRAM game. | | | As such, these DRAM players adversely affected by the high price volatility are in need of a risk management tool. | | | As a result, the numbers of DRAM producers reduced significantly. |
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http://www.semiconx.com/Exchange01/SilverStream/Objectstore/General/FAQFutures.html
(1515 words)
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| | dram on Encyclopedia.com |
| | NEC Electronics Delivers 130-Nanometer, 314-Megahertz Embedded DRAM Technology. | | | New DRAMs improve bandwidth (part 1); SDRAMs, CDRAMs, and EDRAMs illustrate evolutionary approach. | | | Technology Focus: High-Speed DRAMs: New speed limits drive DRAM technology |
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http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/X/X-dram.asp
(106 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | -- from comp.lang.vhdl: -- -- Here's a DRAM model that I developed for use here. |
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http://tech-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/models/dram/dram.3com.vhd
(40 words)
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| | DRAM - Glossary - CNET.com |
| | DRAM data resides in a cell made of a capacitor and a transistor. | | | DRAM is the Hershey's chocolate of readable/writable memory: it's not the best, but it's cheap, does the job, and is available almost everywhere you look. | | | The capacitor tends to lose data unless it's recharged every couple of milliseconds, and this recharging tends to slow down the performance of DRAM compared to speedier RAM types. |
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http://www.cnet.com/Resources/Info/Glossary/Terms/dram.html
(67 words)
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| | dram |
| | In this system, a yarn’s fineness is the weight of 1,000 yards expressed in drams, for example, “Number 1 dram silk.” | | | In the United States, these units were called drams, but elsewhere they were usually called drachms. | | | In the United States the dram continues to be used in such activities as reloading ammunition and weighing boxers. |
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http://www.sizes.com/units/dram.htm
(232 words)
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| | DRAM contract prices to stay flat, says DRAMeXchange |
| | This was evident in the DRAM supply bit growth which was trimmed down to 2.65% in November, versus the 10% sequential bit growth that was recorded in September and October. | | | • 128Mb DDR DRAM transfers data at 1.6GBps (2005-12-21) | | | Since chipmakers vary on their respective DDR/DDR2 production ratio and because customer demands also differ, the quotes for DDR and DDR2 should show only a slight difference among players, added DRAMeXchange. |
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http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800401347_499486_5e63eea1.HTM?from=RSS
(298 words)
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| | EETimes.com - DRAM market is in long-term decline, says Gartner |
| | Gartner said it expects to see increasing amount of capacity coming on line in late 2006 as DRAM fabs are ramped up and vendors move from the 110nm manufacturing node to 90nm. | | | Despite predicting three years of accelerating declines Gartner does not believe this would mark the beginning of the end of the DRAM market, with the memory type being replaced by more advanced non-volatile alternatives. | | | and Hynix Semiconductor Inc., which have been converting DRAM capacity to NAND flash during 2005, preventing a more severe oversupply situation in DRAM market. |
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http://www.eetimes.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=174300706
(578 words)
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| | Dram shop liability laws |
| | Missouri’s recently revised dram shop law requires proof that the party demonstrates "significantly uncoordinated physical action or significant physical dysfunction." In Texas, a patron must be so obviously intoxicated that he presents a clear danger to himself and others. | | | At least Illinois courts understand that someone has to protect their citizens from the "dangers of traffic in liquor" — and it only takes one game at Wrigley Field to see what a good job they’re doing. | | | The wide variety of dram shop laws across the states suggests that the extent to which bars may be blamed for a drunken person’s behavior at least gives some states pause. |
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http://www.cfif.org/htdocs/freedomline/current/guest_commentary/dram_shop_liability.htm
(753 words)
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| | Pictures of dram - Visual Research Project |
| | Inc., a technology solutions provider offering products based on DRAM, SRAM, capacity to capture approximately 100 jpg-quality digital pictures. | | | This is the "picture research" students collect to back up and illustrate the ideas | | | uses a DRAM core innovation known as microthreading and other enhanced While the pictures and graphs are universal you will need a translator to |
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http://webpageshome.com/wph/pictures-of-dram.html
(295 words)
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