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| | Vowel Theories |
 | | Formants of cardinal vowels in a group of phoneticians trained by Daniel Jones: | | | When phoneticians listen to a audio recording of a vowel in an unknown language that is not found on the primary cardinal vowel "slice", they may not be able to tell whether the the vowel is a front rounded or a back unrounded vowel--they cannot separate position in the space from rounding. | | | Presumably, if phoneticians could have seen the faces of the speaker, they would show much more agreement. |
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http://www.ling.yale.edu:16080/ling120/Vowels/Vowel_Theories.html
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| | Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology |
| | This is in spite of the fact that all the measured vowels were judged by Daniel Jones (the originator of the most commonly used cardinal vowel system) to be good productions of the target vowel. | | | When it is considered that, for many speakers, the A.E. is higher than the British /æ/ the possibility arises that even trained phoneticians are not immune from the influences of their own dialects when it comes to the learning of the cardinal vowels. | | | Further, it is often stated by some phoneticians that the "auditory world" is really quite different to that of the "acoustic world". |
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http://www.ling.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/ausenglish/impressionistic.html
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