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| | [No title] |
 | | A series of simulated collisions between a gas-rich disk galaxy and a gas-free elliptical were generated by Gerber (1993), who derived the simulation code from the combined n-body/smoothed particle hydrodynamics code of Balsara (1990). | | | The mass ratio between the elliptical and the disk galaxy (which includes halo, stellar disk, and gas disk components) was varied between 1:1 and 1:10. | | | The unit of time is such that for a Milky Way-size disk galaxy, one computational time unit is approximately 2 Myr. |
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http://www.physics.uiuc.edu/Research/CTA/collide/gas/gasflow2.html
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| | 2MASS Atlas Image Gallery |
| | In the near-IR the very prominent and patchy dust lanes seen in the optical image are far less obvious; the overall light distribution in the near-IR is smoother, even though the galaxy disk is significantly inclined. | | | The superbubble, seen in the X-rays, radio, and in optical line emission, is driven by a vigorous wind, thought to arise from the AGN (Cecil et al. | | | IC 10 is at a distance of 500-660 kpc (1.6-2.2 million light years; Sakai, Madore, & Freedman 1999, ApJ, 511, 671) and low galactic latitude (b=-3.3°); the high visual extinction to the galaxy leads to the uncertainty in its distance. |
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http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/gallery/images_galaxies.html
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| | Student Lesson |
| | The word elliptical refers to its degree of "roundness". | | | Cosmic Classifier" to test your new skill at classifying galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field image. | | | You can see many different colored galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field image. |
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http://www.smv.org/hastings/student2.htm
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| | Leicester University Physics Department |
| | The problem with this classification is that it is highly dependent on the orientation of the particular galaxy with respect to our viewpoint - that is, it describes how the galaxy appears to us; it does not tell us much about the true physical properties of the object. | | | Compare the shape of this object to that of Messier 59, shown above; M87 is very obviously more spherical, hence its classification. | | | Whilst being an excellent example of an elliptical galaxy, this is also a very unusual object. |
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http://www.star.le.ac.uk/edu/Elliptical.shtml
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| | Elliptical Galaxy Structure |
| | Evidently, the dark to stellar mass ratio varies in quite different ways in elliptical galaxies of comparable optical luminosity, implying that the radial structure of dark halos may not be universal. | | | We compare optical and high-quality X-ray data for three bright elliptical galaxies in the Virgo Cluster, NGC 4472, 4649, and 4636. | | | X-Ray Observations and the Structure of Elliptical Galaxies |
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http://ecf.hq.eso.org/~ralbrech/sepdec97apjl/5388.html
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| | Curious About Astronomy? Galaxies |
| | For instance, misclassification has occured for both the Messier object examples listed above. | | | How do we know what parameters to use when simulating the collision of the Milky Way and Andromeda? | | | Both observations of actual systems and simulations of merging galaxies on a computer suggest that merging spirals create elliptical galaxies. |
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http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/galaxies.php
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| | Elliptical Galaxy Research at Ohio U. |
| | "hotdogness") of ellipticals can be distinguished by the symmetry, or lack of symmetry, of their projected velocity fields. | | | Undergraduate students have catalogued all the galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field. | | | By applying numerical filters we have identified objects that Edwin Hubble would have classified as ellipticals, if he had had access to the HDF in 1926. |
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http://www.phy.ohiou.edu/research/astro/ellipticals.html
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| | Elliptical Galaxies |
| | The Hubble classification scheme uses the apparent ellipticity, so it refers to the projection of the galaxy's shape on the celestial sphere, not its actual shape. | | | The corresponding range of diameters is about 1/10 kpc up to about 100 kpc, and the absolute blue magnitude varies over a correspondingly large range from -8 to -23. | | | E7, the number is related to how flattened the ellipse appears to be, with E0 corresponding to no flattening and E7 to a very elongated ellipse. |
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http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/galaxies/elliptical.html
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| | Elliptical Galaxies |
| | Burnham indicates that this galaxy's classification has been changed to S0. | | | Hubble divided the elliptical galaxy classification into eight sub-classifications, E0 through E7: E0 - nearly circular, E1 - a little stretched, E2 - elongated, E3 - more elongated and flattened, E4 - even more elongated and flattened, until we reach E7 which is extrememly elongated and flattened. | | | M87 has a huge globular cluster system containing several thousand clusters as compared to the Milky Way with around 150 to 200 globular clusters. |
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http://1scom.net/~kjblackford/elliptical.html
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| | Sea and Sky's Cosmic Wonders: Galaxies |
| | New tools currently under development will help us obtain a better understanding of the overall structure of the universe. | | | We know that all galaxies are moving away from each other. | | | Galaxies seem to be grouped together in what appears to be a very complex sponge-like arrangement. |
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http://www.seasky.org/cosmic/sky7a07.html
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| | The Formation of a Giant Elliptical Galaxy |
| | Figure 3: Snapshots of the evolution of the cluster and bright central galaxy. | | | The following mpeg animations illustrate the evolution and structure of the forming giant elliptical galaxy. | | | The epoch around z=0.4 is marked by a period of intense activity in which many of the galaxies are merging and experiencing strong tidal perturbations resulting in tidal tails from close passes with the cluster center (Fig 4) and is an illustration of the galaxy harassment process (Moore et al. |
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http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/~dubinski/bcg/node5.html
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| | Elliptical Galaxies |
| | Astronomers have specific mathematical definitions for each number, but these definitions are beyond the scope of this project. | | | Elliptical galaxies are denoted by the letter E. They are also given a number from 0 to 7. | | | With some practice, you can learn to visually tell what type of elliptical galaxy you are observing. |
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http://cas.sdss.org/dr4/en/proj/basic/galaxies/ellipticals.asp
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| | Multiwavelength Messier 84 - Elliptical/Lenticular Galaxy |
| | There is some ambiguity about the proper classification of this galaxy. | | | This double-lobe structure is a product of the magnetic field configuration of the central galaxy and of the fast-moving cosmic ray particles spiraling around the magnetic field lines. | | | This is a consequence of the fact that near-IR light is effective for studying older stars and the fact that elliptical/lenticular galaxies are predominantly populated with such stars. |
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http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/multiwavelength_astronomy/multiwavelength_museum/m84.html
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| | ipedia.com: Galaxy formation and evolution Article |
| | Rapid technological progress in computers have allowed much better simulations of galaxies, and improved observational technologies have provided much more data about distant galaxies undergoing merger events. | | | In the Local Group, the Milky Way and M31 are gravitationally bound, and currently approaching each other at high speed. | | | The formation of galaxies is still is one of the most active research areas in astrophysics; and, to some extent, this is also true for galaxy evolution. |
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http://www.ipedia.com/galaxy_formation_and_evolution.html
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| | Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy |
| | Buying the right treadmill is very important investment as they rather expensive and complex. | | | Treadmill Workout vs. Elliptical Workout - An treadmill workout differs from a elliptical workout in a few ways. | | | Before you purchase your next piece of fitness equipment, be sure to read this informative list of Top Ten Tips to distinguish which elliptical machines work best for you and your household. |
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http://www.electronictreadmill.com/sagittarius-dwarf-elliptical-galaxy.html
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| | StarChild: Galaxies |
| | Show me the Level 1 version of this page. | | | The next galaxy classification is an elliptical galaxy. | | | By studying the Doppler shift of different galaxies, scientists have concluded that all of the galaxies are moving away from each other. |
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http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/universe_level2/galaxies.html
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| | M32 Andromeda Satellite Elliptical Galaxy |
| | This image was taken on 3 December 1996 and represents one of my earlier CCD imaging attempts. | | | More information about this galaxy can be found at The Messier Index - M32. | | | This galaxy is approximately 2.9 million light years distant and is a member of the Local Group of galaxies. |
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http://www.astroimages.org/ccd/m32.html
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| | Elliptical galaxy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The Hubble classification of elliptical galaxies ranges from E0 for those that are most spherical, to E7, which are long and thin. | | | It is now recognized that the vast majority of ellipticals are of middling thinness, and that the Hubble classifications are a result of the angle with which the galaxy is observed. | | | Ellipticals and the bulges of disk galaxies have similar properties, and are generally regarded as the same physical phenomenon |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptical_galaxy
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| | elliptical galaxy |
| | It used to be thought that ellipticals were the oldest galaxies, but more recent studies, including computer simulations, suggest that they have formed from collisions and mergers between spiral galaxies. | | | So-called starburst galaxies appear to show this process in action. | | | The orbits of stars in ellipticals are in random directions, and often very elongated, taking them close to the center and then far into the outskirts. |
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http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/E/ellipgal.html
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| | Durrell - Intracluster Stars |
| | The name `dwarf elliptical' is actually a bit of a misnomer, as this class of LSB object is not really a fainter version of a true elliptical galaxy, but structurally different. | | | An example (below) is the faint VCC 1311A, which is likely a dSph in the Virgo cluster (from Durrell 1997, AJ, 113, 531). | | | In addition to the brighter dE galaxies, there also exists much less luminous examples, usually called `dwarf spheroidals' (dSphs). |
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http://cc.ysu.edu/~prdurrel/Research/DwarfGalaxies/DwarfGalaxies.html
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| | Elliptical Galaxy |
| | The ellipticals are subclassified by their degree of ellipticity as they appear to the observer. | | | E1 through E7 have increasing degrees of ellipticity. | | | A galaxy classification in the Hubble scheme, ellipticals get their names from their overall shape. |
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http://www.astro.virginia.edu/~jh8h/glossary/elliptical.htm
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| | Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy / SagDEG |
| | Up-to-date technical summaries on the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy may be available at: NASA's ADS Abstract Service for the Astrophysics Data System; the SIMBAD Astronomical Database mirrored from CDS, which may require an account to access; and the NSF-funded, arXiv.org Physics e-Print archive's search interface. | | | Although SagDEG and the LMC could have been part of a larger galaxy which broke up into several pieces after colliding with the Milky Way, it's unclear how such a collision could leave the two galaxies in their present configuration, where the orbital plane of one is perpendicular to that of the other. | | | More information and images of SagDEG may be available at NASA and IPAC's Extragalactic Database. |
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http://www.solstation.com/x-objects/sag-deg.htm
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| | HOU Galaxy Workshop - Galaxy Types |
| | The examples provide the name, type, and the constellation where the galaxy can be found. | | | On the following pages you will be asked to determine the types of several other galaxies based on these examples. | | | Galaxies are classified in different types based on their structure and appearance in the sky. |
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http://hou.lbl.gov/ISE/new/galaxy/galaxy2.html
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| | galaxy. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 |
| | Several dwarf galaxies are currently colliding with the Milky Way; others are on course to do so over the next 2 to 3 billion years. | | | The sun and its solar system, as well as the visible stars, are all in the Milky Way galaxy. | | | The local group includes the Andromeda Galaxy, which is similar to the Milky Way, and the Magellanic Clouds, which are satellite galaxies of the Milky Way. |
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http://www.bartleby.com/65/ga/galaxy.html
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| | Spirals and Ellipses |
| | The classification of galaxies due to Hubble (1925) remains the most popular in use today. | | | are placed in the categories E0-7 depending on their degree of ellipticity. | | | Ellipticals are usually found in the high density field, at the centre of clusters. |
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http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/gal_class.html
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| | Messier Object 32 |
| | Charles Messier remarked in his description that he had first seen this object in 1757 (his first record of an observation of one of "his" objects), cataloged it on August 3, 1764, and included M32, together with M110, in his drawing of Andromeda's "Great Nebula". | | | Near the center of this galaxy, the sky would be dominated by this object, and full with the members of this galaxy, while at the edges, only one hemisphere would be filled with them, the other showing only few outlying stars and the intergalactic space. | | | Compared to M31, it is approaching about 100 km/s slower, and considering its closer distance, it is apporaching M31 at this velocity in the radial component. |
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http://www.seds.org/messier/m/m032.html
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| | eSky: Galaxies |
| | Galaxies like this one make up about 80% of those known. | | | This illustration - of NGC 5253 in Centaurus - shows a far more common galactic form, the Elliptical Galaxy. | | | A galaxy like this, fairly similar to our own Milky Way Galaxy, can easily be several hundred thousand light years across, and carry thousands of millions of stars. |
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http://www.glyphweb.com/esky/concepts/galaxies.html
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| | Chandra :: Photo Album :: 3C295 :: 3C295 in Context |
| | Galaxy clusters are the most massive gravitationally bound objects in the universe. | | | The galaxies in most cases do not contain enough hot gas to be observed with an X-ray telescope, but they do show up in optical photographs. | | | In much the same way that a torrent of water pouring down a drain can produce a back pressure if the flow is more than the drain can handle, the enormous energy released by too much matter flowing into a supermassive black hole could trigger an explosion. |
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http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/0166/0166_context.html
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| | Cosmology - Galaxies |
| | Visit the Galaxy Morphology page for a real world example of analyzing galaxy types. | | | While using an optical telescope, a radio galaxy will look like any other elliptical galaxy. | | | By studying these galaxies and their motion relative to us and each other we learn about how our Universe was formed. |
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http://astronomyonline.org/Cosmology/Galaxies.asp?Cate=Cosmology&SubCate=CM03
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| | Astr212, Spring 2005: NGC4436, Anthony Bouvette |
| | This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. | | | Despite their name, dwarf ellipticals are not fainter versions of true elliptical galaxies, but are structurally distinct. | | | Ellipticity is a measure of how elongated an elliptical galaxy is. The standard scale used by astronomers ranges from E0 to E7, with the higher numbers representing a larger elongation. |
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http://www.calvin.edu/academic/phys/observatory/images/Astr212.Spring2005/Bouvette.html
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| | Galaxy Taxonomy |
| | As we learn more about the universe, we find more examples of galaxies which don't fit into the Hubble Tuning Fork system very well. | | | The defining propery of elliptical galaxies is their smooth shape and lack of arms or other features. | | | This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. |
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http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys240/lectures/gal_taxon/gal_taxon2.html
(665 words)
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| | dwarf elliptical galaxy |
| | Dwarf ellipticals are of special interest because it is possible that they are very similar to the fragments from which larger galaxies formed. | | | In addition to the brighter dE galaxies, there are much less luminous examples known as dwarf spheroidal galaxies. | | | Despite their name, dwarf ellipticals are not really fainter versions of true elliptical galaxies, but are structurally distinct. |
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http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/D/dwarf_elliptical.html
(267 words)
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| | Dwarf elliptical galaxy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Instead, they are probably related to irregular galaxies. | | | This page was last modified 06:55, 16 February 2006. | | | Actually, most evidence indicates that most small "ellipticals" do not have properties similar to those of large ellipticals. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_elliptical_galaxy
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| | M-60, Elliptical Galaxy |
| | Arp 116 could be an example of this process. | | | This galaxy was the host of 15th magnitude Type I supernova 1979a. | | | Charles Messier independently discovered M-60 a few nights later while observing the same comet. |
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http://www.kopernik.org/images/archive/m60.htm
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| | virgo |
| | Geochimica.earthref cgi bin err s list.cgi database name kdd start element cit id bg leo compatability | | | Ascendant indicates ability adapt changing circumstances different people. | | | observingthesky index.php p HI Galaxy Survey Virgo HI Survey. |
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http://virgo.twoj.turek.pl
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| | elliptical galaxy |
| | a type of galaxy having the shape of a spheroid or ellipsoid, rather than a disk. |
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http://www.factmonster.com/ipd/A0423504.html
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| | Chandra :: Photo Album :: NGC 4697 :: 04 Jun 02 |
| | As in the elliptical galaxies, NGC 4649 and NGC 1553, the point-like sources are due to black holes and neutron stars in binary star systems. | | | An unusually large number of the binary star X-ray sources in NGC 4697 are in "globular star clusters," round balls of stars in the galaxy that contain about one million stars in a volume where typically only one would be found. | | | This suggests that the extraordinarily dense environment of globular clusters may be a good place for black holes or neutron stars to capture a companion star. |
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http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2002/1140
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| | The Origin of the Brightest Cluster Galaxies |
| | This technique allows us to analyze the stellar and dark matter components independently. | | | To enhance the resolution of the simulation, 100 dark halos at z=2 are replaced with self-consistent disk+bulge+halo galaxy models following a Tully-Fisher relation using 100000 particles for the 20 largest galaxies and 10000 particles for the remaining ones. | | | Keywords - galaxies: clusters: general - galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD - galaxies: formation - galaxies: evolution - galaxies: interactions - galaxies: kinematics and dynamics - galaxies structure - cosmology: dark matter - cosmology: theory - methods: numerical |
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http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/~dubinski/bcg
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| | SagDEG: A Galaxy Invading Milky Way |
| | Known as the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy -- since it is observed in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius -- it is roughly one-tenth the diameter of the Milky Way but weighs less than one-thousandth as much as the Milky Way. | | | Picking out the companion galaxies would be difficult because it would involve analyzing the fine color differences of stars in the most concentrated regions of the Milky Way. | | | In the near future, astronomers hope to learn whether other companion galaxies also are invading the Milky Way. |
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http://www.maa.agleia.de/Messier/E/More/sagdeg_wyse.html
(915 words)
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| | Multiwavelength Messier 87 - Giant Elliptical Galaxy |
| | It is a short exposure (only 7.8 seconds), and thus relatively under-exposed compared to the earlier optical images. | | | Bright stars often show diffraction spikes, an artifact produced by the optics of a telescope whenever looking at a bright point-source of light. | | | This radio galaxy is best known for a jet of gas emanating from the galaxy core and moving at superluminal velocities. |
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http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/multiwavelength_astronomy/multiwavelength_museum/m87.html
(867 words)
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| | NGC 1097, a barred spiral galaxy and elliptical companion |
| | Finally, the galaxy is known to have extremely faint, large-scale, optical jet-like structures emanating from its nucleus. | | | It is a fairly strong radio source and is also bright at far infrared wavelenghts, indicating the presence of warm dust. | | | These extend far beyond the image presented here and are not seen on this photograph. |
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http://www.aao.gov.au/images/captions/aatccd013.html
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| | The Distribution of Elliptical Galaxy Shapes (ResearchIndex) |
| | Abstract: : An estimate of the parent distribution function of the intrinsic shapes of elliptical galaxies is calculated by fitting photometric and kinematic data from the Davies and Birkinshaw sample to a set of dynamical models. | | | The discovery that some of the galaxies may in fact be triaxial has made a statistical analysis based solely on photometric data unable to provide us... | | | 0.5: Optical Synthetic Spectra of Elliptical Galaxies - Roger Bell And |
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http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/216919.html
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| | The Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, SagDEG |
| | This galaxy was immediately recognized as being the nearest known neighbor to our Milky Way, significantly closer than the Large Magellanic Cloud which was considered to be our closest companion until than. | | | Nevertheless it is apparently big: 5x10 degrees in the sky. | | | It is strongly recommended to avoid misleading designations such as "Sagittarius Dwarf" (which is an older designation for SagDIG), "Sagittarius I Dwarf", or similar ambiguous names for this galaxy, although they occasionally occur in websites, databases, articles and papers. |
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http://www.obspm.fr/messier/more/SagdEg.html
(530 words)
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| | Galaxy Types |
| | One problem is that if most of the mass in galaxies is unaccounted for, we have a hard time understanding the dynamics of galaxy formation. | | | Observations of distant galaxies indicates that spiral galaxies were more common in the past than they are today. | | | Or perhaps some of the elliptical galaxies are made from merging of other types of galaxies. |
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http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~soper/Galaxies/types.html
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| | Alpha Centauri's Universe: Exploration Of Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy NGC 205, M110 |
| | M110 is now often classified as a dwarf spheroid galaxy, not a generic elliptical one (this would make it the first ever known dwarf spheroid, of course). | | | Curiously, this galaxy was discovered by Charles Messier on August 10, 1773, and depicted on his fine drawing of the "Great Andromeda Nebula" and its companions published in 1807, but Messier did never himself include this object in his catalog, due to unknown reasons, perhaps a certain sloppiness in recording. | | | Apparently, despite its comparatively small size, this dwarf elliptical galaxy has also a remarkable system of 8 globular clusters in a halo around it. |
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http://www.earthandspace.info/contents/file0270b.htm
(320 words)
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| | M87 Elliptical Galaxy |
| | It is considered to be one of the strongest radio sources in the sky. | | | Its system contains several thousands of these huge globulars, while comparing this with our Milky Way galaxy its has roughly about 150 to 200 globulars. | | | M87 is famous for two unique features, a huge globular cluster system and a spectacular jet. |
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http://www.science.gmu.edu/~tle/Classes/csi_769/project/project_769.html
(385 words)
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| | eSky: Elliptical Galaxy |
| | These galaxies tend to be older than the spiral type, and show little or no star formation within them. | | | The most common type of galaxy, accounting for roughly 80% of those known. | | | Elliptical galaxies show no spiral structures, and can vary in shape from spherical to highly elongated. |
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http://www.glyphweb.com/esky/concepts/ellipticalgalaxy.html
(48 words)
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| | M-105, Elliptical Galaxy |
| | One is elliptical, one is a spiral, and one is lenticular. | | | This cluster includes other bright members, like spiral galaxies M-65 and M-66, plus numerous smaller systems. | | | Jones, in his classic book "Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters", limits these extensions to M-110. |
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http://www.kopernik.org/images/archive/m105.htm
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| | Universe Today - It's a Galaxy Eat Galaxy Universe |
| | As astronomers find more examples of galactic cannibalism in action, our knowledge of the history of galaxies should become increasingly vivid. | | | Subaru telescope has witnessed a large galaxy in the act of devouring a small companion galaxy in a new image obtained by Yoshiaki Taniguchi (Tohoku University), Shunji Sasaki (Tohoku University), Nicolas Scoville (California Institute of Technology) and colleagues. | | | The only previously known observation of the destruction of a dwarf galaxy in progress is from the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope. |
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http://www.universetoday.com/am/publish/galaxy_eat_galaxy.html?19112004
(690 words)
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| | APOD Index - Galaxies: Elliptical Galaxies |
| | Explanation: Elliptical galaxy M87 is a type of galaxy that looks much different than our own Milky Way Galaxy. | | | M87 is much bigger than an average galaxy, appears at the center of a whole cluster of galaxies known as the Virgo Cluster, and shows a very high number of globular clusters. | | | This picture is number sixty on a publicly posted list of images from the Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT). |
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http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/elliptical_galaxies.html
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