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| | Floating point unit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | In the absence of an FPU, the CPU may use a microcode program to emulate an FPUs function using an arithmetic and logical unit (ALU), which saves the added hardware cost of an FPU but is significantly slower. | | | Until the mid 1990s, it was common for the FPU to be entirely separate from the CPU in home computers and for it to be an optional item. | | | Examples include the 387 and 487 FPUs, for use with 386 and 486SX CPUs respectively, and the 68881 FPU, used with the 680x0 line, commonly found in Macintosh computers. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPU
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| | Embedded Pentium® Processor Family Technical Information Center - Floating-Point Unit |
| | The FPU can operate on and/or return any of these values, depending on the type of computation being performed. | | | The first Intel Math Coprocessors (the Intel 8087, Intel 287, and Intel 387) were companion processors to the Intel 8086/8088, Intel 286, and Intel386 processors, respectively, and were designed to improve and extend the numeric processing capability of the Intel Architecture. | | | Each generation of the Intel Architecture FPUs have been explicitly designed to deliver stable, accurate results when programmed using straightforward "pencil and paper" algorithms, bringing the functionality and power of accurate numeric computation into the hands of the general user. |
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http://www.engr.udayton.edu/faculty/jloomis/ece314/notes/fpu/fpu.html
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| | * FPU - (Computing): Definition |
| | Enormous FPU performance with three simultaneous instructions and one GFLOP at 500 MHz (1 billion floating-point number operations per second) with 80 bit floating-point numbers... | | | When you throw at it, the CPU shucks off the responsibility to the FPU (if the computer has one),... | | | FloatingPoint Calculation, Floppy Disk, Floppy Disk Drive, Floptical, Flowchart, Format, FPM RAM, FPU, Frame, Frame Relay, FTP, FTP Site, FUI, Function, FWIW, FYI... |
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http://en.mimi.hu/computing/fpu.html
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| | Simply FPU Chap.1 |
| | The Control Word 16-bit register is used by the programmer to select between the various modes of computation available from the FPU, and to define which exceptions should be handled by the FPU or by an exception handler written by the programmer. | | | The only way to gain access to it is to store the FPU's environment data in memory (see the FSTENV instruction) and examine it there. | | | The first value loaded immediately after the FPU is initialized would thus go into BC7 according to the FPU's internal numbering system. |
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http://www.website.masmforum.com/tutorials/fptute/fpuchap1.htm
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| | 11.2.3 The FPU Instruction Set |
| | Note: Because of an idiosyncrasy in the FPU instruction set related to the encoding of the instructions, you cannot use the FST instruction to store data into a real80 memory variable. | | | The FPU adds over 80 new instructions to the 80x86 instruction set. | | | The FPU provides five other instructions that convert to or from integer or binary coded decimal (BCD) format when moving data. |
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http://webster.cs.ucr.edu/AoA/Windows/HTML/RealArithmetica2.html
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| | Simply FPU - Intro |
| | Although most other assemblers/compilers should have a similar syntax for the FPU instruction mnemonics, their syntax may differ for the addressing mode of memory variables. | | | The entire set of assembler instructions for the FPU is relatively small and could be memorized rapidly. | | | This is followed by a chapter describing the various data types which can be used with some of the instructions, including a detailed review of the floating point data formats. |
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http://website.masmforum.com/tutorials/fptute
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| | LWN: A nasty FPU bug |
| | FPU exceptions do not result in immediate kernel traps; instead, the trap happens when the next floating-point command is executed. | | | That's really what the flag means: a task switch has occurred, and the contents of the FPU may not be what the current task is expecting. | | | You do then add some information, though, in saying that this particular processor flag is set as a side effect of an FPU instruction, as opposed to by an explicit instruction, which is what Jon's "it [the kernel] also sets the TS... |
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http://lwn.net/Articles/89586
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| | Type 11 & No FPU Errors on a Power Macintosh |
| | This may alleviate "No FPU Installed" errors, but it doesn't address the fundamental problem, namely that some software is executing unexpected data or making illegal calls to a non-existent FPU. | | | When you get a bomb with the message "No FPU Installed", it means some instruction has been executed with an operation word starting with the hex value F, and that your program is running on a machine without a FPU. | | | The rest of the FPU routines are automatically emulated by software. |
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http://www.mug.jhmi.edu/mirrors/InfoAlley/1195/27/type.html
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| | Emulating FPU |
| | The 80286 is the first processor that had the ability to emulate an FPU built in to the hardware. | | | In many cases, the only way to discover whether an FPU is present is to benchmark the code. | | | Assuming the BIOS (or the program, under DOS) set the appropriate bits in MSW, every FPU instruction would trigger an INT 7 which ould be trapped in order to emulate the instruction. |
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http://www.codecomments.com/message197322.html
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| | Ace's Hardware |
| | The pipelined FPU had also the advantage of being the child of the the market leader, so when the programmer optimizes, the optimization is for the pipelined FPU. | | | If they developed a similar FPU for their existing CPUs, the K6 and the MII, a pipelined FPU, it still wouldn't be a match for the PII FPU. | | | So forget that jabbering that a pipelined FPU is always the best solution and that you don't have to optimize for it. |
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http://www.aceshardware.com/read.jsp?id=27
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| | Document Title |
| | I originally learned this one (and this way of thinking about the FPU) from Dan Wallach when we were both at Microsoft in the summer of 1995. | | | The x86 FPU does have precision control, which will stop calculation after it's computed enough to achieve floating point accuracy. | | | Because optimized code keeps data in registers longer, it will sometimes be more precise than debug code, which flushes to the stack often. |
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http://www.stereopsis.com/FPU.html
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| | QC#8399: System initialization differences are allowed to affect FPU Control Word |
| | There is a problem with FPU (Floating Processor Unit) Control Word being initialized to different precisions on different computers. | | | Apparently the FPU precision is updated in the context of System.pas' initialization clause, and so it is odd that it should be affected again later with Forms.pas code... | | | After DLL initialization the FPU precision was changed from 3 (extended) to 2 (double) precision. |
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http://qualitycentral.borland.com/wc/qcmain.aspx?d=8399
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| | Tom Miller's Blog : Direct3D and the FPU.. |
| | Then you create a Direct3D device, the FPU is switched to single precision, and there are no longer enough digits of precision to accurately calculate the above code. | | | Who knows what calculations you might be affecting on the system, especially other processes, without it. | | | Now, the code above works before the device is created because the CLR is running in double precision. |
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http://blogs.msdn.com/tmiller/archive/2004/06/01/145596.aspx
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| | Minutes of the FPU, Wednesday 25 August 1998 |
| | The general concensus was that it should be an informal forum for interested members of the department to enter into discussions about issues related to functional programming languages. | | | It was also decided that a web-page would be useful, and also a mailing list to distribute relevant information to members of the FPU. | | | Kevin undertook the responsibility to invite other members of the Computer Science Department to join the group. |
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http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/fpu/minutes/wed25Aug98.html
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| | NetBSD Documentation: How lazy FPU context switch works |
| | In this way, FPU context switch is deferred until a different process attempts to use the FPU. | | | The MMU is a rather complicated device which may hold a complex internal 'state' describing the process' address space, or more unusually, a 'task description' for runtime environment, nature and features of processes defined by CPU hardware foundation. | | | When the CPU attempts to execute an FP instruction, an exception is posted and operating system starts processing the 'FPU was unavailable for me' handler for the executing process. |
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http://www.netbsd.org/Documentation/kernel/lazyfpu.html
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| | DriverHeaven.net - Sun Confirms FPU Problems of UltraSPARC III CPUs |
| | Since FPU results are unpredictable, it may be a problem even for most simple applications, not talking about mission-critical tasks. | | | However, the main problem is not in this fact lonely, but in the fact that Solaris OS will not detect such problem in the FPU and will not issue an error messages and reboot the system. | | | In the recent article, published as part of Sun Alert program, Sun Microsystems warns its customers about possible problems with Floating-Point Unit (FPU) of its UltraSPARC III family of processors and their derivatives. |
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http://www.driverheaven.net/showthread.php?t=20837
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| | Color Classic FPU Hack |
| | While I had the machine open, I noticed the the FPU socket was empty. | | | Also, a couple of days earlier, I had picked up a IIci case with MB, floppy, and cache card (but nothing else) for free from my boss. | | | I took my time, and slowly worked my way around the FPU chip. |
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http://members.aol.com/robertotec/mac/ccfpuhack.html
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| | Sharky Extreme - '+$ArtG+' - '+$ArtC+' - '+$ArtN+' |
| | Considering how important FPU has become for desktop CPU's, and how important it has always been for workstations, this is a huge problem. | | | The new FPU instructions will be able to use a flat floating point register file instead of the old stack based one just like those fast RISC CPU's (SUN, Alpha). | | | If developers want the best performance they should go for 3DNow !, which is, thanks to its SIMD capabilities, faster than any x87 FPU will ever be.Provided that AMD can leverage enough software support, the K8 will feature a very powerfull FPU, which will trounce the Athlon's FPU. |
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http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/articles/99/itanium_vs_k8/4.shtml
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| | Computer, Telephony and Electronics Glossary and Dictionary |
| | Computers equipped with an FPU perform certain types of applications much faster than computers that lack one. | | | In particular, graphics applications are faster with an FPU, as are math projections and obvious number crunching. | | | Such operations, which take much longer to compute than integer operations, occur often in some applications. |
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http://www.csgnetwork.com/glossaryf.html
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| | Integers in the FPU - GameDev.Net Discussion Forums |
| | I presume this is the 'best' way of detecting an integer value. | | | As a result, 1 + 1 might equal 1.999999, instead of 2. | | | a / b is still an int if a % b == 0; the FPU does not 'estimate' the answer |
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http://www.gamedev.net/community/forums/viewreply.asp?ID=819494
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| | Business Wire: Sonnet adds FPU to PowerBook 520/540; processor... @ HighBeam Research |
| | For the first time PowerBook 520 and 540 machines can be upgraded with an FPU. | | | Sonnet adds FPU to PowerBook 520/540; processor board upgrade also boosts 520 to 33/66 MHz. | | | With the Sonnet upgrade, PowerBook users will experience a dramatic performance improvement when working with CAD, graphics and spreadsheets. |
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http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:16742054&refid=holomed_1
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| | Subtle FPU question - PowerBASIC Forums |
| | In CPU terms, that scenario would be equivalent to a "!MOV EAX, value" instruction that only loaded some bits of the EAX register. | | | Now the expression (A# * X##) is evaluated inside the FPU with the full 80 bits extended precision, | | | there is no work involved in the conversion, the number is just loaded into the FPU which automatically converts it to extended. |
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http://www.powerbasic.com/support/forums/Forum5/HTML/002338.html
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| | FPU |
| | Short for Floating Point Unit, FPU is an function included in all computer processors today that allow a processors to perform math floating point notations increasing the speed and capability of a processor. | | | Were you able to locate the answer to your questions? |
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http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/fpu.htm
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| | Tools |
| | Hence, it is more efficient to perform a multiply-add (counts as 2 operations) than add or multiply (counts as 1 operation). | | | PM_FXU_FIN (FXU produced a result) : 256740305 PM_FPU_FIN (FPU produced a result) : 2003365429 PM_CYC (Processor cycles) : 2919504296 PM_FPU_FSQRT (FPU executed FSQRT instruction) : 0 PM_INST_CMPL (Instructions completed) : 3888578095 PM_FPU_FMOV_FEST (FPU executing FMOV or FEST instructions) : 46 | | | Note that there are two FPUs in the pwr4 chip, so |
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http://scv.bu.edu/SCV/archive/IBM/HPM
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| | [ODE] Accuracy / FPU stuff |
| | My own rigid body code uses plain floats all the way without > troubles, for example. | | | I am also using D3D, ODE,OPCODE and single precision without any problems. | | | It might also change the FPU rounding mode, which > is a problem when you compile with /QIfist on VC++ 6 (for fast float-to-int > conversions). |
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http://www.q12.org/pipermail/ode/2003-July/009288.html
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| | LWN: Re: timer + fpu stuff locks my console race |
| | The buggy code in the Stian's program corrupts the FPU state - in particular, it results in some exception bits being set in the FPU status word. | | | In this state the next FP command (except non-waiting commands, like fnsave and fninit) will raise the FP error exception (trap 16). | | | math_error() calls save_init_fpu(), which saves the FPU state in current->thread.i387 and sets the TS flag; then math_error() queues a SIGFPE to the task and returns. |
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http://lwn.net/Articles/89771
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| | Response to "FPU" |
| | Now that there are SSE2 and Athlon optimizations for many of the apps and plugins I think the field is pretty level. | | | > FPU performance is the key reason we're still gung ho on Athlon. | | | My feeling is that the FPU issue is at least partially compensated for by the memory bandwidth. |
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http://www.prorec.com/prorec/prorecording.nsf/28496ba4837c4e93862565e1002384a1/7DC7D33B551EE9F986256BA4007ADB66?OpenDocument
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| | IEEE 754 Compatible Floating Point Unit (FPU) |
| | How to simulate the FPU in ModelSim with rest of the VHDL code | | | To use it, extract the unit to your Xilinx installation root directory. | | | Synthesized Xilinx IP Core of IEEE 754 Compatible FPU ( |
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http://www.ece.northwestern.edu/~ismail/courses/c92/fpu
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| | [Cvs-src-all] cvs commit: src/xnu/osfmk/i386 fpu.c |
| | - */ - fp_kind = FP_387; + (control and 0x103f) == 0x3f) + { + fp_kind = FP_387; /* assume we have a 387 compatible instruction set */ + /* Use FPU save/restore instructions if available */ + if (cpuid_features() and CPUID_FEATURE_FXSR) { + fp_kind = FP_FXSR; + set_cr4(get_cr4() | | | + */ + if (fp_act == thr_act) { + fwait(); /* wait for possible interrupt */ + clear_fpu(); /* no state in FPU */ + } +#endif + + if (state->initialized == 0) { + /* + * new FPU state is 'invalid'. | | | */ + return fpu_set_state(thr_act, state); + } + + assert(thr_act != THR_ACT_NULL); + pcb = thr_act->mact.pcb; + +#if NCPUS == 1 + + /* + * If this thread`s state is in the FPU, + * discard it; we are replacing the entire + * FPU state. |
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http://www.opendarwin.org/pipermail/cvs-src-all/2004-July/005318.html
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| | [kaffe] PATCH: support for PowerPCs w/o FPU |
| | Embedded and Real-Time Software Am Pfaffenstein 14 | | | Previous message: [kaffe] PATCH: support for PowerPCs w/o FPU | | | Next message: [kaffe] PATCH: support for PowerPCs w/o FPU |
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http://www.kaffe.org/pipermail/kaffe/2004-March/080017.html
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| | Note Section |
| | The main usage of the FPU these days is in 3D applications and games, where things like lighting, angles and textures are all calculated with extensive use of the FPU. | | | Therefore the speed of the FPU has a huge influence on the performance of 3D applications, and is the reason why systems without an FPU, or with a poor FPU (like | | | Even with a 3D-card installed, the FPU still has to calculate lighting and tesselations (with the exception of new "TandL" 3D cards which do this themselves - quickly). |
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http://www.paradicesoftware.com/specs/cpuid/note_fpu.htm
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| | VOGONS :: View topic - FPU: FPATAN incorrectly implemented |
| | FPU: FPATAN incorrectly implemented :: 2004-1-11 @ 04:25 am | | | VOGONS :: View topic - FPU: FPATAN incorrectly implemented | | | Re: FPU: FPATAN incorrectly implemented :: 2004-1-11 @ 08:58 am |
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http://vogons.zetafleet.com/viewtopic.php?t=3823
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| | FPU Coordinator Newsletter |
| | This would not have been possible without you. | | | This is just a small representation of the 10,000 lives that have already been changed this year by FPU. | | | As you wrap up your FPU class, it's important to have everyone fill out the required paperwork. |
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http://www.daveramsey.com/etc/newsletters/church/April04.htm
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| | Comp.compilers: Question: use FPU as simple VLIW? |
| | work to the FPU, even if it were just adding numbers together. | | | the FPU as a sort of VLIW co-processor when it was not being used for | | | then from them there compiled into code that could run through the FPU |
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http://compilers.iecc.com/comparch/article/96-03-207
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| | Globeinvestor.com: FPU to Request First Natural Gas Rate Relief Since 1994 |
| | Like many businesses, FPU has faced higher operating costs due to recent world and economic events. | | | FPU would like to assure customers that we will continue to explore and employ every opportunity for savings and cost containment as we work to provide exemplary service and a clean, efficient and dependable energy source. | | | FPU has reviewed the underlying reasons for the request, most of which result from rising insurance, health care and pension costs along with increased investments in distribution facilities. |
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http://www.globeinvestor.com/servlet/WireFeedRedirect?cf=GlobeInvestor/config&vg=BigAdVariableGenerator&date=20040510&archive=prnews&slug=2004_05_10_16_4706_1145596
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| | Financial Peace University - Homepage |
| | FPU is the most important step to changing your financial future. | | | Make a difference in your community through the FPU Financial Literacy Program. | | | FPU is a 13-week, life-changing program that empowers and teaches you how to make the right money decisions to achieve your financial goals and experience a total money makeover. |
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http://www.daveramsey.com/fpu/home
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| | Gallery |
| | FPU WC-15 (EM) Easy Maintenance is applied to a Windblade in Nevada. | | | The County selected FPU for its soiling resistance, easy cleaning, and exceptional durability, all of which dramatically lower the maintenance cost over the life of the structure. | | | FPU WC-1 ™ protects this Water Wall, which forms the major esthetic feature of the entrance to the Casino. |
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http://www.fpu-coatings.com/Gallery.html
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| | Symmetry and resonance in periodic FPU chains - Rink (ResearchIndex) |
| | 1 The genesis of simulation in dynamics; pursuing the FPU prob.. | | | Abstract: The symmetry and resonance properties of the Fermi Pasta Ulam chain with periodic boundary conditions are exploited to construct a near-identity transformation bringing this Hamiltonian system into a particularly simple form. | | | This `Birkhoff-Gustavson normal form' retains the symmetries of the original system and we show that in most cases this allows us to view the periodic FPU Hamiltonian as a perturbation of a nondegenerate Liouville integrable Hamiltonian. |
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http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/rink00symmetry.html
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| | Florida OKs surcharge for utility clients |
| | The cost to consumers is less than a penny per therm — the unit used to measure gas. | | | Commissioner Terry Deason did not agree with letting FPU's customers help pay for those bonuses, saying it would set a precedent for other utilities to ask for their customers to do the same after future storm seasons. | | | The increases were to pay for rising business costs, the company said. |
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http://www.palmbeachpost.com/storm/content/business/epaper/2005/10/05/a8d_fpu_1005.html?cxtype=rss&cxsvc=7&cxcat=6
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| | sci.fractals FAQ |
| | Requires DirectDraw, FPU, and monitor/graphics card capable of 800x600 graphic mode. |
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http://www.faqs.org/faqs/sci/fractals-faq
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| | NodeWorks - Encyclopedia: Microprocessor |
| | Following this with the MC68030, which added the MMU into the chip, the 68K family became the processor for everything that wasn't running DOS. | | | An 68050 failed to achieve its performance goals and was not released, and the follow-up MC68060 was released into a market saturated by much faster RISC designs. | | | The continued success led to the MC68040, which included a FPU for better math performance. |
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http://pedia.nodeworks.com/M/MI/MIC/Microprocessor
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| | Best prices on Mac software. Apple software, Mac programs, MacOS, utilities, norton, Mac games, Mac utilities, ... |
| | Minimum req: 68040 (FPU required), 4.5 MB free RAM, System 7.x or higher, 2X CD-ROM. | | | Test your skills on 15 of the most challenging courses ever created. | | | Angel Devoid: Face of the Enemy CD (Retail Box). |
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http://www.go-nexus-go.com/nexcomp/software.html
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| | FPU WVB The Latest 2003 |
| | FPU sweeps St Thomas in first pool play match | | | FPU sweeps Dickinson State to win Pool B | | | Friday, December 5, 2003 - NCT Pool play - |
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http://athletics.fresno.edu/sunbirdsports/volleyball/thelatest/2003
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| | FPU WSoccer Athlete Profile |
| | in her three-season career she appeared in 50 matches for FPU. | | | played on the Sunbirds Soccer Club in both her freshman and sophomore years at FPU. | | | Jennifer completed her collegiate career with 18 appearances and seven starts... |
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http://athletics.fresno.edu/sunbirdsports/soccer/women/profile/athlete/meneses_jennifer/bio.html
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| | No FPU; OpenBSD fails to install |
| | Or, gasp, and OS which would work just as well? | | | PANIC, synching discs, etc. (There must be a joke in there somewhere in refference to Douglas Adams....) I do recall a few years ago trying to install Windows 98 and getting the following error message: "Cannot install: No maths coprocessor found", which leads me to conclude my CPU does not have an FPU. | | | Can you guys either help me get OpenBSD (version 3.6) working, or alternatively, reccomend me a version of OpenBSD which does not require an FPU? |
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http://www.talkaboutsoftware.com/group/alt.os.openbsd/messages/2883.html
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| | CATALOG - CDS - MAR-CD-020 FPU - Crockett's Theme Turbo Recordings |
| | FPU's take on the Miami Vice classic has gained him international acclaim and is now available as a CD EP. | | | Crockett's Theme EP - A 6 track CD EP of the critically acclaimed Crocketts Theme by FPU - alter ego of Swedish tech fiend Peter Benisch (Svek, RandS, Turbo). | | | Featuring exclusive mixes from Mateo Murphy, Zyntherius (Jori Hulkkonen) and the soon to be a classic "Ocean Drive" remixed by Tiga (Full Video released in April) plus two bonus tracks from the forthcoming album by FPU. |
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http://www.turborecords.ca/mar_cd_020.html
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