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| | HLW: Word Forms: Units (Printer-Friendly) |
 | | Thus it should not be surprising that more different consonants are possible at the beginnings than the ends of syllables in many languages; making distinctions that are hard to hear would not serve any function. | | | In the next section we'll see how these consonant phonemes are combined with the vowel phonemes we discussed earlier to form syllables and how languages resemble and differ from each other in how this is done. | | | Languages also differ in terms of how consonants and vowels can be combined into syllables, the "phonotactics" of the language, and we will also look at this property of languages in this section. |
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http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/PhonUnits/pf2.html
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| | Fricative consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | For the pharyngeals and epiglottals, approximants are more numerous than fricatives. | | | True doubly-articulated fricatives do not appear to occur in any language. | | | Ubykh may be the language with the most fricatives, with 26, some of which do not have symbols or diacritics in the IPA. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant
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| | [No title] |
| | The error estimate in detection of sonorant consonants is high because boundaries between vowels and sonorant consonants are not well defined and there is a lot of overlap in the training data. | | | A classifier is built for each of the classes — vowel, sonorant consonant, fricative, stop and silence. | | | We are developing an acoustic-phonetic approach to speech recognition in which speech is first segmented into broad classes - vowel, stop, fricative, sonorant consonant and silence. |
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http://www.isr.umd.edu/Labs/SCL/publications/paper003.doc
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| | L103, Spring 2003: Examination 2 |
| | The overlapping distribution of [k] and [k:] is an indication that consonant length is contrastive. | | | Yes, consonant length does seem to be contrastive because short and long versions of the same consonant appear in overlapping distributions. | | | Based on the Inuktitut data in the level-1 problems above, do you think that consonant length is a contrastive dimension in Inuktitut? |
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http://www.indiana.edu/~gasser/L103/Assignments/exam2.html
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| | GroMye2000.html |
| | For example, at the end of a word followed immediately by another word (i.e., in the word-final, nonprepausal position) only 36% of the occurrences of /t/ in their data (N=363) were complete, consisting of both a closure and a burst. | | | In fact, when the stop consonant /t/ arrives in the working memory, at least five list chunks that are themselves words -- ATE, RAY, GRAY, RATE, and GREAT -- can be assumed to be in active competition to establish a resonance with the phonemic codes in working memory. | | | Thus the transitions out of region 1 can be expected on the basis of these phonemic responses: the unitized representations most likely to resonate with working memory will be naturally selected based primarily on the match between the acoustic signal and the learned phonemic representations. |
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http://cns-web.bu.edu/Profiles/Grossberg/GroMye00.html
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| | UNIL / Linguistique - phonetic |
| | On the other hand, the a vowel could not be much more close than the “standard” close vowels (first degree of aperture) and still be vocalic, rather than some kind of spirant or fricative consonant, depending on the degree of muscular tension. | | | There is a large degree of freedom in the articulation of open vowels and it is certainly possible to imagine vowels even more open than [a], for example (although such vowels would probably not be phonologically distinct from the “standard” open vowels of the fourth degree of aperture. | | | Additionally, the close vowels must have a certain minimum duration in order to be perceived as vocalic rather than consonantal (fricative or spirant). |
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http://www2.unil.ch/ling/english/phonetique/api45-eng.html
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| | Consonant - SmartyBrain Encyclopedia and Dictionary |
| | For example, in English, the sound [m] in "mud" is a consonant, but in "prism", it occupies an entire syllable, as a vowel would. | | | The following tables list all the consonants listed by the IPA. | | | Since the number of consonants in the world's languages is much greater than the number of consonant letters in most alphabets, linguists have devised systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to assign a unique symbol to each possible consonant. |
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http://smartybrain.com/index.php/Consonant
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| | Describing consonants |
| | In a fricative consonant, the articulators involved in the constriction approach get close enough to each other to create a turbluent airstream. | | | Pay attention to what you are doing with your tongue when you say the first consonant of [lif] leaf. | | | For this reason, [h] is often classified as a glottal fricative. |
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http://www.umanitoba.ca/linguistics/russell/138/2001/artic/describing-consonants.html
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| | japdev |
| | Our results that the devoiced vowels in question can be categorised into two different fricative-like sound might support that the idea devoicing vowel is not simply a process of a glottal opening gesture (Kondo 1995). | | | This sensitive and selective nature of "vowel devoicing" might be interpreted as being "neural process" (Hirose 1971) rather than mere physical fluctuation. | | | In the context of [velar plosive]+[V]+[palatoalveolar fricative], there appear to be formant-like patterns, but this is not the case when velar plosive is followed by other consonantal types. |
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http://www.essex.ac.uk/web-sls/papers/97-02/97-02.html
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| | Consonant cluster - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Many languages do not permit consonant clusters at all. | | | Others believe that consonant clusters are more useful as a definition when they may occur across syllable boundaries: the Georgian gvbrdγvnis is an example of this type, containing four syllables, but only one vowel. | | | Standard Arabic does not permit initial consonant clusters, or more than two consecutive consonants in other positions. |
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http://www.kernersville.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Consonant_cluster
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| | wikien.info: Main_Page |
| | Ejective consonants are a class of consonants which may contrast with aspirated or unaspirated consonants in a language. | | | Tlingit uses ejective alveolar, lateral, velar, and uvular fricatives, and may be the only language to use the latter. | | | They are often described as sounding like "spat" consonants, but ejectivity is often quite weak; in some contexts, and depending upon the language they appear in, they may even sound like unaspirated consonants. |
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http://www.alanaditescili.net/index.php?title=Ejective_consonant
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| | ICSLP-2000 Abstract: Niikawa et al. |
| | An auditory test demonstrated that the generated sounds were intelligible. | | | A new acoustic model for the phonation of fricatives was proposed based on the VT model in which the sound source was a noise. | | | This study, based on the measurement of three-dimensional (3-D) vocal tract shapes during fricative consonant phonation, presents a realistic modeling of a human speech production system. |
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http://www.isca-speech.org/archive/icslp_2000/i00_2174.html
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| | Church Slavonic Pronunciation - Help Me Learn Church Slavonic |
| | Does cause palatalization of a preceding neutral consonant (when is not in syllable initial position)? | | | preiotated ; preiotated in word-initial and after a vowel; can cause palatalization of a preceding neutral consonant when is not in syllable initial position | | | voiced bilabial stop, neutral consonant (may be palatalized or not, depending on the follwing vowel) |
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http://justin.zamora.com/slavonic/alphabet/pronunciation.html
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| | Is there something like Syllable Dictionary? Antimoon Forum |
| | In fact we could ignore both (and about a dozen more) if we consider the /j/ as part of the vowel. | | | Of course if I caculate with 20 vowels and 24 consonents, the possibilities are almost limitless. | | | This pattern is initial consonant cluster, vowel then final consonant cluster. |
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http://www.antimoon.com/forum/2004/4797.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | Consider the following data from the fictional Vulcan language. | | | The [x] stands for a voiceless velar fricative we don’t have in English which sounds like the last sound in the name of the German composer ‘Bach’ kata ‘ceremonial sword’ kopt ‘a kind of blue dragon’ akumo ‘shame’ axima ‘honor’ bak ‘robe’ baxi ‘a man’s ear’ Pick the answer which best fits the data. | | | Questions 13 through 15 are based on the five English words below: a. |
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http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~gawron/intro/NewMidterm.doc
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| | CATEGORICAL PERCEPTION IN DYSLEXIC AND |
| | The results on the stop-consonant fricative continuum / | | | We expected that the degree of difficulty would influence the difference between the performance of the dyslexics and normal readers, the difference becoming more pronounced if the contrast is harder to perceive. | | | Pols, L.C.W. “Three-mode principal component analysis of confusion matrices, based on the identification of Dutch consonants, under various conditions of noise and reverberation”, Speech Communication, 2, 275-293. |
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http://fonsg3.let.uva.nl/Proceedings/Proceedings22/CarolineSchwippert/CarolineSchwippert1998.html
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| | Draseléq Grammar Sketch |
| | See below for the complete table of modifications. | | | The extended stem consonant and its modifications are marked in boldface. | | | In all other places where the XSC appears, it uses the Main form (whatever corresponds). |
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http://www.pueblacity.com/ego-pdf/ng/lng/draseleq/dgs_infl.html
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| | Manner of articulation |
| | In speech there are different ways of producing a consonant. | | | Lateral fricatives are yet another type of fricative, where the friction occurs on one or both side of the edge of the tongue. | | | The "ll" of the Welsh language is a lateral fricative. |
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http://www.1-free-software.com/en/wikipedia/m/ma/manner_of_articulation.html
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| | voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative: Information From Answers.com |
| | The voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative occurs in Mandarin when followed by [i], [j], or [y], and is represented by x in pinyin. | | | The voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative or laminal postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. | | | It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides. |
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http://www.answers.com/topic/voiceless-alveolo-palatal-fricative
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| | Affricate consonant |
| | Worldwide, only a few languages have affricates in these positions, even though the corresponding stop consonants are virtually universal. | | | An affricate is a consonant that begins like a stop (most often an alveovelar, such as [t] or [d]) but ends with a fricative or, in one language, a trilled release. | | | An affricate is a single speech segment, not a sequence of two sounds. |
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http://mywiseowl.com/articles/Affricate_consonant
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| | IPA Tables |
| | These frictionless continuants are to be considered as consonants on account of their consequent lack of prominence as compared with the adjoining vowels.) | | | Consonants which can be held on continuously without change of quality are sometimes classed together as contunatives or continuantsl they include nasal, lateral, rolled, fricative consonants and frictionless sounds. | | | IPA Vowels : IPA Consonants : Other Symbols |
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http://www.sungwh.freeserve.co.uk/sapienti/phon/ipasymb.htm
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| | Stop consonant - SmartyBrain Encyclopedia and Dictionary |
| | Variability in apraxia of speech: a perceptual and VOT analysis of stop consonants. | | | Some languages have stops made with other mechanisms too: these are called ejective, implosive, or click dependent on the mechanism. | | | Aspects of stop consonant production by pediatric users of cochlear implants : An article from: Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools |
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http://smartybrain.com/index.php/Plosive_consonant
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| | Abstracts |
| | The lingua-dorsal consonant was associated with greater closure force than the lingua-apical consonant but only for the men and only in the high-back vowel environment. | | | A tendency for greater closure force for the fricative consonant was observed when the fricative followed rather than preceded the nasal consonant. | | | When the data were grouped by sex of subject, no differences were found in absolute values of velopharyngeal closure force for the men versus women subjects. |
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http://www.shc.uiowa.edu/wjshc/labsites/sphys/Abstracts.html
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| | Ilya Writing |
| | The written glyphs for consonants have a half- or full-circle basic structure, while vowels/semivowels have a quarter-circle basic structure. | | | Sounds with more than one color band can be produced any of the indicated ways. | | | The first division divides the right half into consonants, and the left half into vowels and semivowels (which includes true semivowels and approximants). |
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http://homepage.mac.com/pfhreak/ilya/writing/letters.html
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| | Polish language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Polish consonant system is more complicated and its characteristic features are series of affricate and palatal consonants. | | | Polish is often said to be one of the most difficult languages for non-native speakers to learn. | | | Unlike in English, if consonants are doubled in script, it means that they are also doubled in pronunciation, e.g.: wanna ['vanna], not ['vana] ('bathtub'); motto ['mɔttɔ], not ['mɔtɔ]. |
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http://www.indexlistus.de/keyword/Polish_language.php
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| | Normal speech development - Caroline Bowen |
| | Consonant clusters occur when two or three consonants occur in a sequence in a word. | | | A final voiced consonant in a word is replaced by a voiceless consonant. | | | The final consonant in the word is omitted. |
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http://members.tripod.com/Caroline_Bowen/acquisition.html
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| | [No title] |
| | but not no consonant at all.) End := (nothing) |
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http://www.mindspring.com/~jimhenry/caligo/lle-lang.txt
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| | sibilant -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | The number of distinctive sounds is relatively low compared with other languages. | | | The affricates of the parent language (which are begun as stops and released as fricative sounds), if they ever existed, were lost or replaced by sibilant and interdental sounds (which are symbolized as s, st); the lateral sounds and the interdentals were subsequently lost in most... | | | A fricative sound involves the close approximation of two articulators, so that the airstream is partially obstructed and a turbulent airflow is produced. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067603?tocId=9067603
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| | Table of Contents |
| | For the most part, these parameters are highly correlated with the speakers' overall intelligibility, with the intelligibility of words containing the fricative /s/, and with perceptual ratings of the adequacy of the fricative production. | | | Several acoustic properties are evaluated: the spectrum shape of the fricative and its amplitude in relation to the following vowel, the presence or absence of voicing, the time variation of the spectrum during the fricative and in the transition to the following vowel, and the presence of inappropriate acoustic patterns preceding the /s/. | | | Some of these properties are based on quantitative measurements of the spectrum of the /s/, and others are based on observations of the time-varying acoustic patterns in spectrograms. |
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http://www.asha.org/about/publications/journal-abstracts/jslhr/44/06?articleabstract=1300
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| | SPIRANT - Definition |
| | [n] a continuant consonant produced by breath moving against a narrowing of the vocal tract |
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http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/Spirant
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| | [No title] |
| | pulmonic posA0 posB0 posC0 nasal voiced # consonant, pulmonic, fricative, velar, voiceless U x. | | | pulmonic posA1 posB1 posC0 fricative voiceless # consonant, pulmonic, fricative, alveolar, voiced U z. | | | pulmonic posA1 posB2 posC0 fricative voiceless # alveolo-palatal fricative, voiced U z\. |
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http://odur.let.rug.nl/~kleiweg/L04/Manuals/xstokens-example.txt
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| | NodeWorks - Category Description for Encyclopedia |
| | In biochemistry, S is the symbol for serine. | | | In most writing systems that use the Latin alphabet, the letter s corresponds to a coronal fricative consonant. | | | In Etruscan and Latin, the value was maintained, and only in modern languages has the letter been used to represent other sounds, such as voiceless postalveolar fricative in Hungarian or the voiced alveolar fricative in English, French and German (in English rise; in French lisez (="read" imperative plural); in German lesen (="to read"). |
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http://pedia.nodeworks.com/S/desc.asp
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| | Lateral consonant |
| | Rarer lateral consonants include the sound of Welsh ll, which is a voiceless lateral fricative, and the retroflex laterals as can be found in most Hindustani languages. | | | in several native language families of North America and aboriginal Australian ones) have whole systems of several different lateral fricatives and affricates in their consonant inventories. | | | One, found before vowels (as in lady or fly), is called clear [l], pronounced with a "neutral" position of the body of the tongue. |
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http://mywiseowl.com/articles/Lateral_consonant
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| | Synonyms of fricative |
| | usage: a continuant consonant produced by breath moving against a narrowing of the vocal tract |
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http://www.infoplease.com/thesaurus/fricative
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| | IPA - Consonants |
| | The following table displays and describes the different IPA consonants. | | | Click on a symbol to hear an audio clip. |
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http://www.ku.edu/~cmed/ipafolder/cons.html
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