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| | Key (cryptography) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Keys are also used in other cryptographic algorithms, such as digital signature schemes and keyed-hash functions (also known as MACs), often used for authentication. | | | Encryption algorithms which use the same key for both encryption and decryption are known as symmetric key algorithms. | | | A key is a piece of information that controls the operation of a cryptography algorithm. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(cryptography)
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| | Key size |
| | As of 2002, a key length of 1024 bits was generally considered the minimum necessary for the RSA encryption algorithm. | | | The effectiveness of public key cryptosystems depends on the intractability (computational and theoretical) of certain mathematical problems such as integer factorization. | | | Because modern cryptography uses binary keys, the length is usually specified in bits. |
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http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/key_size
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| | Cryptography |
| | Public key algorithms are usually based on hard mathematical problems. | | | A cipher is an algorithm for encryption and decryption. | | | When cryptography relies on hard mathematical problems, as is usually the case in asymmetric cryptography, algorithms for tasks such as factoring become potential tools for cryptanalysis. |
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http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/cryptography_1
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| | rfc3766 |
| | Conclusion In this table it is assumed that attackers use general purpose computers, that the hardware is purchased in the year 2000, and that mathematical knowledge relevant to the problem remains the same as today. | | | Orman and Hoffman Best Current Practice [Page 17] RFC 3766 Determining Strengths for Public Keys April 2004 The usual recommendation is to use a good one-way hash function applied to he base material (the result of the key exchange) and to use a subset of the hash function output for the key. | | | Hash functions for deriving symmetric keys from public key algorithms The Diffie-Hellman algorithm results in a key that is hundreds or thousands of bits long, but ciphers need far fewer bits than that. |
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http://ietfreport.isoc.org/idref/rfc3766
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| | RFC 2631 (rfc2631) - Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method |
| | Key Agreement The first stage of the key agreement process is to compute a shared secret number, called ZZ. | | | For 3DES, which requires 192 bits of keying material, the algorithm must be run twice, once with a counter value of 1 (to generate K1', K2', and the first 32 bits of K3') and once with a counter value of 2 (to generate the last 32 bits of K3). | | | Similarly, for RC2-40, which requires 40 bits of keying material, the algorithm is run once, with a counter value of 1, and the leftmost 40 bits are used as the key. |
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http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2631.html
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| | Key management and protection: Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) |
| | Keys are used in conjunction with algorithms (a mathematical process) to secure data. | | | The strength of the Diffie-Hellman group is proportional to the strength of the key that is computed from the Diffie-Hellman exchange. | | | Strong Diffie-Hellman groups combined with longer key lengths increase the computational difficulty of determining a secret key. |
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http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/windowsserver2003/library/serverhelp/ec4bc2a7-3e89-48c1-a16c-7dab4a2a1190.mspx
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| | Key-Experiments |
| | Because of the fact the ADK is not part of the key-material, the key's fingerprint which is computed from the key-material does not change, when an ADK is added. | | | The public key algorithm which is used as well as the hash-algorithm can be freely chosen by the user. | | | Before I started to analyse the bytes of a public key block I suspected it to be part of the "key" in one way or another. |
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http://senderek.de/security/key-experiments.html
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| | Cryptography Research - DES Key Search |
| | The hardware and software design and chip simulators were developed by Paul Kocher with assistance from Joshua Jaffe and other researchers at Cryptography Research. | | | The DES Key Search Project developed specially designed hardware and software to search 90 billion keys per second, determining the key and winning the $10,000 RSA DES Challenge after searching for 56 hours. | | | The DES algorithm uses a 56-bit encryption key, meaning that there are 72,057,594,037,927,936 possible keys. |
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http://www.cryptography.com/resources/whitepapers/DES.html
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| | Zvon - RFC 3075 [XML-Signature Syntax and Processing] - Security Considerations |
| | Care must be exercised by applications in executing the various algorithms that may be specified in an XML signature and in the processing of any "executable content" that might be provided to such algorithms as parameters, such as XSLT transforms. | | | For example, methods involving biometrics usually depend on a physical characteristic of the authorized user that can not be changed the way public or secret keys can be and may have other security model differences. | | | This specification permits user provided signature algorithms and keying information designators. |
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http://www.zvon.org/tmRFC/RFC3075/Output/chapter8.html
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| | Zvon - RFC 3125 [Electronic Signature Policies] - Annex B (informative): |
| | For example, there may exist a particular file type, length and format on which the hash value is calculated which is fixed and definitive for a particular signature policy. | | | This means that there must be a single binary value of the encoded form of the signature policy for the unique hash value to be calculated. | | | B.10 Rules for Algorithm Constraints and Key Lengths |
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http://www.zvon.org/tmRFC/RFC3125/Output/chapter9.html
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| | HP-UX IPSec Transforms |
| | Below is a table showing the key lengths of AH and ESP algorithms. | | | In general, the longer the key length, the more secure the encryption algorithm will be. | | | These algorithms are used to provide the authentication value used in an IPSec Authentication Header (AH). |
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http://docs.hp.com/en/J4256-90005/apas03.html
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| | Cryptographers |
| | Although computers permit electronic information to be encrypted using very large keys, advances in computing power keep pushing up the size of keys that can be considered large and thus keep making it easier for individuals and organizations to attack encrypted information without the expenditure of unreasonable resources. | | | An essential element in cryptographic algorithm design is thus the length of the key, whose size places an upper bound on the system's strength. | | | As cryptosystems often succumb to "smarter" attacks than brute-force key search, it is also important to remember that the keylengths discussed here are the minimum needed for security against the computational threats considered. |
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http://www.fortify.net/related/cryptographers.html
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| | RSA Laboratories Bulletin #13: A Cost-Based Security Analysis of Symmetric and Asymmetric Key Lengths |
| | For example suppose that key A1 for algorithm A takes 10 hours to break and the same for key B1 of algorithm B. These keys are equivalent in time. | | | While we are in agreement with Lenstra and Verheul that the cost of computer hardware changes with time and is somewhat fluid, we note that the same thing is true of computer speed and memory. | | | In this paper we propose a method of analyzing key sizes based upon the value of the data being protected and the cost of breaking keys. |
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http://www.nullify.org/docs/bulletin13/bulletin13.html
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| | Planning Guidance for Certificate Services Design for the SBO Scenario |
| | In the SBO scenario, certificates with a key length of 1024 bits were defined for hardware routers. | | | Because the CA that issues certificates to hardware routers was a single-tier CA in the SBO environment, it was determined that no trust model was required. | | | The options and choices in this section address the issues relating to the logical design of CA infrastructure for the SBO scenario, which is focused on meeting the requirements of router certificates. |
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http://www.microsoft.com/technet/itsolutions/wssra/raguide/CertificateServices/CrtSevcPG_3.mspx
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| | Software Magazine - Do Configuration Management During Design & Development |
| | Keys should never be placed in the source code or even in configuration files; developers must always assume that secrets stored in code or configuration files will be compromised. | | | This is true for not only file-system-based resources such as configuration and log files but also for registry keys, database tables as well as the application executables and plug-ins themselves. | | | This forces developers to make informed and well-thought-out decisions with respect to permissions their code requires to run successfully in production. |
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http://www.softwaremag.com/L.cfm?Doc=2005-10/2005-10-config-man
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| | Rob Slade's Security Glossary |
| | ECC can be used to define both an algorithm for key agreement that is an analog of Diffie-Hellman and an algorithm for digital signature that is an analog of the Digital Signature Algorithm. | | | In order to trap file infectors which insist on larger files, a string of null characters of arbitrary length is often used. | | | a piece of data of specific length, calculated from a file or message, in such a way that there is a high probability that any change to the original will result in a change to the digest. |
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http://www.soci.niu.edu/~rslade/secgloss.htm
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| | BYTE.com |
| | A well-publicized project might be able to harness 2 percent of the world's computing power for a year. | | | These figures assume that computing power will increase by a factor of 10 every five years and that mathematical advances will let us factor numbers at the speeds of the special number field sieve. | | | Consider these assumptions from the mathematicians who factored RSA-129: We believe we could acquire 100,000 machines without superhuman or unethical efforts and without an Internet worm or virus. |
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http://www.byte.com/art/9510/sec7/art5.htm
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| | Quantum Cryptography Information and links |
| | This effect can be used to guarantee secret key distribution in quantum cryptography... | | | The advantage of quantum cryptography over traditional key exchange methods is that... | | | Quantum cryptography is an effort to allow two users of a common communication channel to create... |
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http://www.seespyware.com/quantum-cryptography.html
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| | Citations: A Cost-Based Security Analysis of Symmetric and Asymmetric Key Lengths - Silverman (SMEALSearch) - ... |
| | Recommended effective key length for symmetric algorithms is 96 bits and 1 024 bits for asymmetric algorithms, just to be sure. | | | The increase of key length has linear effect to the performance of the algorithm but exponential effect to the security. | | | The complexity a brute force attack against 1024 bit RSA asymmetric key is equivalent to 96 bit symmetric key (effective key length of 3DES is 112 bits) Estimated time to break 96 bit symmetric key or 1 024 bits asymmetric key using brute force attack is 3 000 000 years. |
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http://smealsearch2.psu.edu/context/34497/0
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| | Clinton Administration Initiatives: Clipper II |
| | Given the rate at which computing power increases, even a 64 bit key would be subject to attack before long. | | | Point 6 of the export criteria required that an exportable system must not interoperate with any non-escrow systems. | | | Domestic users were not legally compelled to use key escrow products, but the proposed policy forced, in practice, all but the most insular Internet user toward a key escrow system. |
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http://www.cdt.org/crypto/admin/clipper2.shtml
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| | MySQL Lists: mysql: Re: key lengths |
| | It seems that the default is 255 > bytes, but in the online docs it mentions 500 byte keys. | | | BLOBS and TEXT columns used as indices require the length to be specifically enumerated. | | | stripped> Sent: Tuesday, March 06, 2001 1:51 PM Subject: key lengths > How is key length for a table defined? |
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http://lists.mysql.com/mysql/67507
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| | Internet Connection Secure Server for OS/390 Up and Running! |
| | DirShowMaxLength - Set the maximum length for file names on directory listings | | | Appendix B. Using the Make Key File Utility (MKKF) | | | Code S-HTTP security in the header of your HTML document |
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http://hcmvsp.hc.unicamp.br/Docs/icswgmst.html
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| | So Much for Savages: Navajo 1, Government 0 in Final Moments of Play |
| | What is unconstitutional about encryption regulation of any blanket kind--mandatory escrow, outright bans, maximum key lengths, forbidden algorithms, forcibly classified research, and so on--has nothing to do with factual futility. | | | Or else that the international escrow agents have to honor his subpoenas. | | | When people discuss encryption controls, they normally do so as though what needed to be controlled were the algorithms used and the lengths of the keys. |
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http://old.law.columbia.edu/my_pubs/yu-encrypt.html
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| | Re: Why must server and host key lengths "differ sufficiently"? |
| | In article <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>, Barry A. Warsaw <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: >sshd.c has this comment: > > /* Check that server and host key lengths differ sufficiently. | | | Once you've encrypted a number with RSA, the result is (in practice) always as large as the modulus. | | | Which means that if you're going to try to encrypt the result again, the modulus of the second key must be at least Y bits larger than the modulus for the first. |
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http://www.mail-archive.com/ssh@clinet.fi/msg00034.html
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| | Second p0st: InterBase key lengths InterBase trivia |
| | How to Determine the Maximum Index Key Length in InterBase (by Jim Starkey, InterBase's author). | | | In MySQL I'm accustomed to using AUTO_INCREMENT columns to automatically generate unique primary keys for my data. | | | Odd - I don't seem to be able to create an index (or a primary key) on the combination of a CHAR(10), a VARCHAR(255) and a TIMESTAMP column in my Firebird database. |
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http://blogs.salon.com/0000002/2003/2/1
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| | [No title] |
| | MYTH: Kerberos needs a higher degree of security than PKC because the KDC contains everybody’s keys. | | | Of course a disadvantage of PKC is that it contributes to a false sense of security in that it is possible for someone to embed a rogue public key in a browser (e.g. | | | MYTH: Kerberos is better because it is based on open standards REALITY: Public key schemes were patented but today most patents have expired. |
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http://www.ccs.neu.edu/course/csu650/Lecture-19.doc
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| | Cryptography:Key Lengths - Wikibooks |
| | This can be seen in the DES algorithm. | | | These implementations use the public key system (generally either RSA or ElGamal) to encrypt a randomly generated block-cipher key (128 to 256 bits) which was used to encrypt the actual message. | | | For example, if a 128 bit key only has 64 bits of entropy, then the effective length of the key is 64 bits. |
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http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cryptography:Key_Lengths
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| | virus: virus: Key lengths |
| | In general, our recommendation is to have all future-generated keys be larger than 1024 bits and to look at updating current keys when time and resources permit. | | | While the reality of implementing the hardware discussed in the paper in a typical commercial environment is limited (costs can range upward of $1 billion), the potential for large government organizations (local and foreign) isn\'t. | | | The security implications are that key sizes of 1024 bits and less can be considered weak and inappropriate for extremely sensitive data; the down side is that many SSL certif |
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http://www.churchofvirus.org/virus/6328.html
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| | Key-Mark Key steel lengths |
| | Send mail to kmray@mweb.co.za with questions or comments about this web site. | | | Both key steel and stainless steel are available cut to any length from 100 to 3000mm. | | | Key-Mark provides key steel in square and rectangular metric or imperial standards and stainless steel square bar. |
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http://home.mweb.co.za/mw/mwkeymrk/steelbars.htm
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| | Intradyn Adds Encryption to E-Mail Archiving Appliance |
| | Although 128-bit keys are generally considered to be secure, some might choose to use 256-bit keys for further protection. | | | According to Charles Kolodgy, a research director in the security products division at Framingham, Mass.-based IDC, there are a number of security solutions that perform file encryption and appliances that can perform tape-based encryption, each with various algorithms, including AES at various key lengths. | | | The company's Encryptape technology is based on 256-bit AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) WORM tape encryption technology—the same type of encryption used by the federal government. |
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http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1759,1829836,00.asp
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| | Internet Connection Secure Server for OS/390 Up and Running! |
| | They are also used for creating message digests as part of digital signature. | | | This chapter summarizes the key sizes and the SSL and S-HTTP encryption modes for U.S. and export products. | | | Customers in the U.S. and Canada can install the U.S.-Canadian version or the export version of the Internet Connection Secure Server. |
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http://hcmvsp.hc.unicamp.br/Docs/icswg013.html
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| | 7439. Key Lengths for Materials |
| | 3)Give examples of correct type of key and key materials from standard manufacturers tables. | | | 2)What are the effective lengths of key for different materials shaft diameter? | | | I am a supporting advertiser and want to |
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http://www.finishing.com/74/39.shtml
(87 words)
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