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| | Representation |
 | | A representation and reasoning system is composed of a language to communicate with a computer, a way to assign meaning to the language, and procedures to compute answers given input in the language. | | | Knowledge Representation research at the Computational Intelligence Research Laboratory (CIRL) at the University of Oregon. | | | Knowledge Systems Research at AIAI, the Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute at the University of Edinburgh's School of Informatics. |
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http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/html/repr.html#good
(3107 words)
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| | 2.2 Knowledge Representation |
| | Knowledge Representation (KR) has long been considered one of the principal elements of Artificial Intelligence, and a critical part of all problem solving [Newell, 1982]. | | | The problem is that for the knowledge required to represent procedural knowledge and reason about it (not with it), there are few guidelines, especially when the procedures requiring representation are implemented as software. | | | Classic is a frame-based knowledge representation language that belongs to the family of description logics [Brachman, et al., 1991]. |
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http://www.cs.vassar.edu/faculty/welty/papers/phd/HTML/dissertation-14.html
(3840 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | Knowledge representation (KR) refers to the general topic of how information can be appropriately encoded and utilized in computational models of cognition. | | | Commercial applications use knowledge representation as an extension of database technology, where the "knowledge" is seen as a reservoir of useful information rather than as supporting a model of cognitive activity. | | | Typically, work in knowledge representation focuses either on the representational formalism or on the information to be encoded in it, sometimes called knowledge engineering. |
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http://www.cs.umbc.edu/www/courses/graduate/771/papers/hayesp.html
(1103 words)
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| | What is a Knowledge Representation? |
| | Representation and reasoning are inextricably, and usefully, intertwined: a knowledge representation is a theory of intelligent reasoning. | | | There is a familiar pattern in knowledge representation research in which the description of a new knowledge representation technology is followed by claims that the new ideas are in fact formally equivalent to an existing technology. | | | Although knowledge representation is one of the central and in some ways most familiar concepts in AI, the most fundamental question about it--What is it?--has rarely been answered directly. |
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http://groups.csail.mit.edu/medg/ftp/psz/k-rep.html
(10517 words)
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| | Knowledge Representation - Language |
| | At the third level of knowledge representation formalism, the epistemological level, the major concern are the knowledge structuring primitives that are needed for a satisfactory knowledge representation language and the types of inference strategy that should be make available. | | | The major concern at the implementational level is that it is possible to build a computer program underlying a knowledge representation language. | | | Whereas the epistemological level is concerned with the types of knowledge structuring primitives that are needed, the conceptual level concerns itself with the actual primitives that should be included in a knowledge representation language. |
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http://www.dbmi.columbia.edu/homepages/wandong/KR/krlang.html
(273 words)
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| | PARKA-DB: A Scalable Knowledge Representation System |
| | In contrast to knowledge representation systems, the upper bound on the size of a database is not limited by the size of main memory, but rather by the size of external storage. | | | They allow a complex structural representation of the data (knowledge) that allows inferencing and complex query evaluation to be performed. | | | Knowledge representation systems, however, have strengths unavailable to normal database systems. |
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http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/Parka/parka-db.html
(844 words)
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| | Knowledge Representation |
| | As in other areas of computer science, it is also necessary to consider the ways in which the representation is to be manipulated and the uses to which it is to be put. | | | It is important when choosing a knowledge representation scheme or language for a particular domain of knowledge, to consider the types of objects in the domain. | | | One must find a knowledge representation language, that is some formal language in which domains of knowledge can be described. |
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http://www.sis.pitt.edu/~logicp/KRPage/topic_page.htm
(618 words)
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| | Knowledge Sharing Papers |
| | Principal obstacles to all current work in knowledge sharing involve the difficulties of achieving consensus regarding what knowledge representations mean, of enumerating the context features and background knowledge required to ascribe meaning to a particular knowledge representation, and of describing knowledge independent of specific interpreters or inference engines. | | | Much current work on knowledge acquisition for intelligent systems concentrates on the use of predefined models of problem-solving methods to define the roles in which domain knowledge is used to solve particular application tasks. | | | The language, KQML for Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language, is part of a larger DARPA-sponsored Knowledge Sharing Effort focused on developing techniques and tools to promote the sharing of knowledge in intelligent systems. |
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http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/knowledge-sharing/papers/README.html
(4800 words)
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| | Knowledge Representation |
| | Below is a table showing a survey of six AI texts and their coverage of various of knowledge representation and reasoning paradigms. | | | ASK(K, f)The knowledge base K is being queried about a fact f. | | | I concentrate mainly on procedural knowledge, semantic networks, frames, logic, rule-based reasoning, and distributed representations. |
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http://blackcat.brynmawr.edu/~dkumar/UGAI/kr.html
(1521 words)
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| | McCullough Knowledge Explorer and the MKR language |
| | Propositional knowledge is knowledge expressed using words and sentences. | | | MKR is a general-purpose knowledge representation language which is applicable to any domain. | | | Knowledge Explorer (ke) is an intelligent knowledge assistant. |
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http://rhm.cdepot.net
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| | Bootstrapping Knowledge Representation |
| | Both Pask's work on knowledge representation and my own are distinguished from the more traditional AI approach by their underlying epistemology. | | | The problem with present hypertexts is the same one as with semantic networks and other knowledge representations: the system of nodes and links is created in an ad hoc way by the system designer, without being justified by either an underlying theory, or an empirical method for testing the effectiveness of the resulting network. | | | Suppose that a user is developing a knowledge representation consisting of different concepts together with their entailment relations. |
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http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/BootstrappingPask.html
(12846 words)
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| | KAW98: Visual Languages |
| | KSM (Cuena and Molina 1996) is a knowledge modeling system that presents (output only) concept maps of the knowledge structure. | | | Sowa's Conceptual Graphs is also a knowledge representation language, and is used in natural language interpretation, natural language generation, and reasoning. | | | Two dimensional representations of programs, such as flow charts and even the indentation of textual programming languages, are extremely helpful to aid program understanding (Smith 1977). |
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http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~kremer/papers/KAW98/visual/kremer-visual.html
(5501 words)
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| | Knowledge Representation |
| | In two respects, the way of uncertainty representation is different from the default reasoning uncertainty handling: it is approached in a quantitative way, and with a parallel uncertainty inference process. | | | At the epistemological level, there are four main concerns: If there exists a natural way of organising knowledge, the KR language has to respect this; the KR language has to be modular; attention to the granularity (=size of the information chunks) is important; and the language should support the actual primitives of the conceptual level. | | | Knowledge Representation (KR) is a major concern in AI, but no textbook exists. |
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http://users.skynet.be/bs661306/peter/doc/hpv00r03-841.htm
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| | CS4725 ---- Knowledge Representation |
| | Seminal paper on knowledge representation, the use of logic in AI, the situation calculus, and the connection between many areas of philosophy and AI. | | | Hector Levesque and Ron Brachman: "Expressiveness and Tractability in Knowledge Representation and Reasoning," Computational Intelligence, 1987. | | | Ernest Davis and Leora Morgenstern: "Epistemic Logics and their Applications (foils)" A powerpoint presentation of a tutorial on logics of knowledge given at IJCAI-93, the International Joint Conference of Artificial Intelligence. |
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http://www-formal.stanford.edu/leora/krcourse
(1366 words)
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| | Open Directory - Reference: Knowledge Management: Knowledge Representation |
| | KIF is a language designed for use in the interchange of knowledge among disparate computer systems. | | | Knowledge Representation Resources - A list of knowledge representation resources, part of the AI Education Repository at the University of Southwestern Louisiana. | | | John Sowa on Knowledge Representation - Provides background material and tutorials on ontology and related topics in logic, conceptual graphs, and natural language semantics. |
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http://dmoz.org/Reference/Knowledge_Management/Knowledge_Representation
(205 words)
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| | Knowledge structuring for learning |
| | What makes a bright mathematician is not just mathematical knowledge, not inborn talent, but the ability to associate various components of his or her knowledge of problem solving in mathematics. | | | In particular we will see, using examples from a simple knowledge system used in learning microeconomics, how knowledge representation affects the easiness with which knowledge can be retained in the student’s memory. | | | To simplify the discussion of knowledge representation issues with respect to the complexity of neural connections involved in storing particular engram, I will shortly introduce a concept of a synaptic pattern. |
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http://www.supermemo.com/english/ol/ks.htm
(10207 words)
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| | Logic-based Knowledge Representation - Baader (ResearchIndex) |
| | Abstract: After a short analysis of the requirements that a knowledge representation language must satisfy, we introduce Description Logics, Modal Logics, and Nonmonotonic Logics as formalisms for representing, respectively, terminological knowledge, time-dependent and subjective knowledge, and incomplete knowledge. | | | Knowledge Representation with Logic Programs - Gerhard Brewka, Jürgen Dix (1997) | | | 293 A framework for representing knowledge (context) - Minsky - 1975 |
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http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/110067.html
(1666 words)
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| | Semantic Knowledge Representation |
| | The Semantic Knowledge Representation (SKR) Project was recently initiated at NLM in order to develop programs to provide usable semantic representation of biomedical free text by building on resources currently available at the library. | | | Access to biomedical information depends on reliable representation of the knowledge contained in text. | | | Each of the propositions in (2) is a predication whose predicate (in uppercase) is a relation from the UMLS Semantic Network. |
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http://skr.nlm.nih.gov
(367 words)
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| | Collaboration, Knowledge Representation and Automatability |
| | The Web can be thought of as a freeform, decentralised knowledge representation system. | | | "Collaboration" over the World Wide Web is a very broad area of research, involving wide-reaching issues such as knowledge representation, annotation of objects by objects, notification, and any other issues which arise in the creation of shared information systems and collaborative development. | | | W3C's Semantic Web Development pages provide further detail on the use of Web technologies for knowledge representation and collaboration. |
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http://www.w3.org/Collaboration
(931 words)
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| | Knowledge Engineering: CGs, Knowledge Representation |
| | In this view, the knowledge engineer attempts to model the knowledge and problem solving techniques of the domain expert into the artificial intelligent system. | | | In this view, the assumption is to apply conventional knowledge engineering techniques to transfer human knowledge into artificial intelligent systems. | | | The knowledge representation scheme studied is Conceptual Structure (Sowa, 1984), and the Knowledge Modelling techniques studied is the KADS (Schreiber, Wielinga, and Breuker, 1993). |
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http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~kremer/courses/CG
(158 words)
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| | Knowledge Representation Book |
| | Logic: a tutorial about sets, functions, and logic; a web site on conceptual graphs; a link to the ANSI standard for the Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF); and a series of examples represented in each of these notations. | | | John F. Sowa, Knowledge Representation: Logical, Philosophical, and Computational Foundations, Brooks Cole Publishing Co., Pacific Grove, CA, ©2000. | | | More information will be added to these web pages from time to time. |
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http://www.jfsowa.com/krbook
(370 words)
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| | Site Directory |
| | Conceptual Graphs are a system of knowledge representation based on the semantic networks of AI and the logic of Charles Sanders Peirce. | | | This directory contains some information about the book, including on-line copies of the preface and the table of contents. | | | The book Knowledge Representation by John F. Sowa has recently been published. |
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http://www.jfsowa.com
(344 words)
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