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| | Ubykh language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | All other NWC languages possess true pharyngeal consonants, but Ubykh is the only language to use pharyngealisation as a feature of secondary articulation. | | | Palatalisation of the uvular consonants is no longer phonemic. | | | In the scheme of Northwest Caucasian evolution, Ubykh is the most divergent language of the Abkhaz-Abaza branch, and has a number of features which are unique even within that family. |
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http://www.sevenhills.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Ubykh_language
(3227 words)
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| | The Tower of Babel |
| | We mean roots whose reflexes have an initial resonant consonant in some languages and a laryngeal one in others. | | | In most modern East-Caucasian languages, initial combinations of consonants are not allowed; the situation in such languages as Lezghian or Tabasaran, where in some cases, as a result of reduction of narrow vowels of the first syllable, new initial clusters have appeared, is certainly secondary. | | | In addition, we must note that the root obstruents can be laryngeals which easily disappear or are consumed by adjacent consonants, as a result of which in some languages "zero" verbal roots can appear. |
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http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/pref3.htm
(7005 words)
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| | STRONG INTERACTION BETWEEN FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSONANT DURATION - Title |
| | Differences between stressed and unstressed consonants are large in initial and medial position and erratic in final position. | | | All intervocalic consonants (VCV, also crossing word boundaries) of non-clitics and non-sentence final words were isolated and analyzed. | | | Therefore, we ignored word accent for this speech and used both accented and unaccented words. |
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http://fonsg3.let.uva.nl/IFA-publications/Eurospeech97/A0456/A0456.html
(2668 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | The optimal (6b), passes on this constraint because its only labial consonant, /p/, is in the onset. | | | In the optimal (8b) the coda consonant has lost its labiality thereby reducing the number of violations of the context independent markedness constraint *labial. | | | Negative positional markedness constraints such as License(labial) ban labial consonants from weak positions while positive Positional Markedness constraints such as License(complex segment) specifically relegate complex structures to strong positions. |
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http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/282-0998/roa-282-zoll-1.doc
(5288 words)
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| | Mambila Fricative Vowels |
| | There appears to be little reason, then, to add labiodentalized or palatalized consonants to the phonetic inventory of Len, claim this is precipitated by the high central unrounded vowel, and then subsequently have to argue that this feature spreads back to the vowel, or syllable nucleus. | | | In looking at the first degree (`superclose') vowels of many Bantu languages, and their spirantizing effect on preceding consonants, Zoll proposes that these vowels be defined as [+consonantal], in order to distinguish them from high vowels and capture their influence on preceding consonants. | | | To summarize this section, from the distributional evidence examined it is apparent there is one vowel in Len which may be termed a fricative vowel. |
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http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/dz/ACAL28/ACAL28paper.html
(3724 words)
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| | Syllable Structure and the Distribution of Phonemes in English Syllables |
| | , computing the expected frequencies under the null hypothesis that consonants would be evenly distributed between onset and coda. | | | In Study 1, we ask whether there are differences in the frequency of occurrence of the different consonants depending on whether they are in the onset or the coda. | | | In informal terms, if one has to add a consonant to an already long rime, it is best that that additional consonant be as short as possible. |
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http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~bkessler/SyllStructDistPhon/CVC.html
(8182 words)
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| | Consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | For example, in English, the sound [m] in "mud" is a consonant, but in "prism", it occupies an entire syllable, as a vowel would. | | | The following tables list all the consonants listed by the IPA. | | | Dictionary of All-Consonant Words (http://www.oneletterwords.com): a free online dictionary with over 1,000 words with no vowels and examples of usage from literature. |
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http://www.lexington-fayette.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Consonant
(730 words)
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| | Contemporary Liotan Languages |
| | Many of the developments of Astarien from Old Liotan were similar to those of Genistien, for example the creation of initial consonant clusters and the vocalisation of fewer consonants than Ivrien or Kadhrein. | | | Stress was always initial, and Lemyzon was syllable-timed. | | | Compared to the other languages, Astarien had fewer consonants but more vowels: |
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http://www.cix.co.uk/~morven/lang/l_others.html
(6328 words)
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| | Institute of Phonetic Sciences, |
| | This generalization over plosives and nasals is typical of the articulatory labial gesture, which does not care whether the nasopharyngeal port is open or not, whereas the divergent behaviour of plosives and nasals in melted versus canned is exactly what is expected from a perceptually conditioned phenomenon. | | | If Semitic roots must always be analysed as satisfying the OCP on the consonantal level, we can expect morphological and phonological rules to work on the two reflexes of the second consonant of biconsonantal roots. | | | [6] It may be relevant that the epenthesis originated at a time that the language must still have had geminate consonants. |
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http://fonsg3.let.uva.nl/Proceedings/Proceedings22/PaulBoersmaB/PaulBoersma1998b.html
(7111 words)
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| | A crosslinguistic lexicon of the labial flap |
| | This comprehensive language listing not only documents the data upon which our observations are made, it is also intended to serve as a useful time-saving resource for future research on the labial flap—bringing together as it does much published and unpublished data, often extremely difficult to locate. | | | In Niger-Congo, it is found in 23 (possibly 25) Ubangian languages, twelve Adamawa languages, and eight (possibly nine) Benue-Congo languages. | | | The labial flap is attested in one Platoid language. |
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http://journals.dartmouth.edu/webobjbin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/1/xmlpage/1/article/262?htmlAlways=yes
(2920 words)
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| | vivamalta.org - Early Indo-European Languages |
| | On that basis we decided to reexamine the entire system of consonants posited for the protolanguage, and as early as 1972, we proposed a new system of consonants for the language. | | | In revising the consonant system of the Indo-European protolanguage, we have also called into question the paths of transformation into the historical Indo-European languages. | | | In the glottalic it has the voiceless consonant *k'Wou- (the asterisk before a word designates it as a word in the protolanguage), which makes it phonetically closer to the corresponding words in English and German than to those in Greek and Sanskrit. |
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http://www.vivamalta.org/forum/showthread.php?t=2414
(4188 words)
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| | CONK! Encyclopedia: Writing |
| | As languages often evolve independently of their writing systems, and writing systems have been borrowed for languages they were not designed for, the degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies greatly from one language to another and even within a single language. | | | A featural script notates the building blocks of the phonemes that make up a language. | | | A glyph in a syllabary typically represents a consonant followed by a vowel, or just a vowel alone, though in some scripts more complex syllables (such as consonant-vowel-consonant, or consonant-consonant-vowel) may have dedicated glyphs. |
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http://www.conk.com/search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Writing
(1659 words)
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| |
| | Linguistics 105: Lecture No. 4 |
| | The natural classes of consonants are based on | | | The natural classes of vowels are based on | | | Finally, like consonants, vowels may be characterized by (5) nasality. |
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http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/linguistics/lectures/10lct15i.html
(397 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | Articulatory kinematic data were collected for five subjects using electromagnetic articulography (EMA) to record target consonants (labial, labiodental, and tongue tip), located in (1) either syllable final or initial position and (2) either at a phrase edge or phrase-medially: #C, ##C, C#, C##. | | | The complexities of how prosodic structure, both at the phrasal and syllable levels, shapes speech production have begun to be illuminated through studies of articulatory behavior. | | | Interacting effects of phrasal and syllable position on consonant production. |
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http://asa.aip.org/web2/asa/abstracts/search.nov04/asa726.html
(228 words)
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| | Hepburn |
| | More technically, where syllables constructed systematically according to the Japanese syllabary contain the "unstable" consonant for the modern spoken language, the orthography is changed to something that, as an English speaker would pronounce it, better matches the real sound, for example し is written shi not *si. | | | Syllabic n (ん) is written as n before consonants, but as n' (with an apostrophe) before vowels and y. | | | The main feature of Hepburn is that its spelling is based on English phonology. |
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http://www.worldhistory.com/wiki/H/Hepburn.htm
(1058 words)
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| | Brendanletters |
| | The first two are analogous to the core symbols of the consonants, and they represent rounded and unrounded vowels. | | | All labial consonants in Iridian should theoretically be bilabial, but if you want to say them differently, that's your business and your accent. | | | All the brendanletter alveolar consonants also occur in English,where they are written [n], [s], [z], [t], and [d]. |
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http://www.nhn.ou.edu/~bfurneau/iridian/letters.html
(4994 words)
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| | The Language Construction Kit |
| | Again, for your invented language, don't just add an exotic vowel or two; try to invent a vowel system, using the dimensions listed above. | | | Sometimes the same sound in a language takes different forms based on its position in the word. | | | You'll get better results the more you know about phonetics (the study of the possible sounds of language) and phonology (how sounds are actually used in language). |
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http://www.zompist.com/kitlong.html
(4624 words)
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| | Anishinaabemowin Grammar |
| | Click here to open the table below in its own window. | | | The consonants of Anishinaabemowin are organized into groups in the table below. | | | Consonants can also be classified on the basis of where in the vocal tract they are made, or what is called their place of articulation. |
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http://hum.lss.wisc.edu/~jrvalent/AIS/Grammar/Phonology/Phonol008.html
(850 words)
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| | Table of Contents |
| | These results suggest that phonological knowledge is multifaceted, and that seemingly categorical deficits at one level can be linked to less robust representations at other levels. | | | Group differences on this task (such as larger transition slope values from lingual consonants to vowels for children with phonological disorders) were also observed. | | | To evaluate production knowledge, spectral and temporal measures were obtained for CV sequences involving both lingual and labial stop consonants. |
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http://www.asha.org/about/publications/journal-abstracts/jslhr/42/01?articleabstract=169
(279 words)
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| | abstract |
| | I attribute optionality in Nupe to two factors-the OCP and input complexity. | | | It is this violation that is avoided by the occurrence of the irregular [i] in such forms resulting in a difference in rounding between the stem vowel and its affixal copy. | | | In affixation to verb stems with labial consonants and round vowels, the vowel of the affix varies between the regular labial [u] and the irregular coronal [i]. |
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http://www.ohiou.edu/alta/ahmad.htm
(376 words)
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| | english and Japanese |
| | I would like to know if anyone has studied the universal pattern of the words identifying the personal pronouns in different languages. | | | I see the use of labial/velar consonants in the first singular/plural personal pronouns in contrast to dental/alveolar consonants in the second singular/plural personal pronouns even in the unrelated languages of the world. | | | I am working on a list of the 1st and 2nd singular/plural personal pronpuns from 120 languages which display the existence of a "phonosemantic contrast" in naming the 1st and 2nd personal pronouns in various unrelated languages. |
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http://www.trismegistos.com/_soundandsense/0000001f.htm
(266 words)
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| | Vocalist.org archive |
| | Finally, when you sing phrases that end with closed-off consonants that | | | requires you to break the phrase with the ending consonant before singing | | | redouble the same consonant at the start of the next syllable. |
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http://www.vocalist.org/group/vocalist-temporary/message/212.html
(531 words)
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| | hindi fonts |
| | In word-initial position, vowels can appear in independent form. | | | However, some are very different from the full versions of the consonants. | | | If two or more consonants are following each other, then the consonants are not written in full. |
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http://www.specialitysoftware.com/hguru/fonts.htm
(630 words)
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| | Abstracts |
| | Hidden strata and graded performance in Optimality Theory | | | Cases like (1) are known as _transcategorical assimilations. | | | While vowels may assimilate liprounding from the labial place of consonants (plain labial as opposed to liprounding) (1), the same kind of labial consonants may be perfectly transparent to liprounding harmony (2). |
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http://ling.rutgers.edu/events/humdrum/abstracts.html
(981 words)
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| | Wiki - Main - Sohlobhistoricalphonology |
| | This is also true of the development of the palatalized labials in Kidilib and Linjeb. | | | 1.1 The Kejeb Sound System *Consonants:* {table} LabialCoronalDorsalLabiodorsal *Voiceless stops*p pʲt tʲk kʲkʷ *Voiced stops*b bʲd dʲg gʲgʷ *Voiceless fricatives*f fʲs sʲx xʲ(xʷ) *Nasals*m mʲn nʲŋ ŋʲ *Liquids*r rʲ *Glides*w wʲj {table} *Vowels:* {pre}*a *i *u. | | | Palatalizaztion:* This is the traditional name for what actually is the loss of palatalization as a secondary feature and the development of a distinct series of palatal consonants. |
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http://melroch.xwiki.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Sohlobhistoricalphonology?xpage=code&
(888 words)
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| | Retroflex consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Retroflex consonants are common in the Indo-Aryan languages and the Dravidian languages; and can also be found in languages such as Mandarin Chinese, Javanese, Vietnamese, Swedish, Norwegian and some languages of Southern Italy and Sardinia. | | | This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. | | | There are several other retroflex consonants not yet recognized by the IPA. |
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http://www.peekskill.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Retroflex_consonant
(361 words)
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| | november2 |
| | Refers to the vowels and consonants which combine to produce syllables, words, and sentences. | | | • Consonants and vowels may vary from syllable to syllable. | | | Consonants usually stay the same; some variation with vowels. |
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http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfjms2/phono/november2b.htm
(498 words)
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| | IPA Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography |
| | The pulmonic consonant table, which includes most consonants, is arranged in rows that designate manner of articulation and columns that designate place of articulation. | | | For example, all the retroflex consonants have the same symbol as the equivalent alveolar consonant, with the addition of a rightward pointing hook at the bottom. | | | In this article, which does not suffer from such problems, they have been included in the main chart above. |
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http://popularityguide.com/encyclopedia/IPA
(2351 words)
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| | Velar consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. | | | Many languages also have labialized velars, such as [kʷ], in which the articulation is accompanied by rounding of the lips. | | | There are also labial-velar consonants, which are doubly articulated at the velum and at the lips, such as [k͡p]. |
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http://www.secaucus.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Velar_consonant
(288 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | Four different styles of speech were elicited -- two styles of natural speech: in-group speech and interview speech; and two styles of read speech: sentence reading and word-list reading. | | | The results of the analysis of the data show that /w/ can be deleted even when a consonant does not appear before /w/, which suggests the need to modify the variable rule formulated by Silva (1991). | | | Secondly, the data show that preceding labial consonants show a clearly different conditioning effect from that of the other consonants, favoring the deletion of /w/ significantly more than the others. |
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http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~nagy/nwav/WWWabs/Kang.html
(499 words)
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| | C. Callosum: So that's how they do it! |
| | As I understand it, a language with a large amount of entropy could have basically no phonotactics at all - any letter (considering the written language) can follow any other letter. | | | (1) strenuously avoid words with labial consonants, which are the only "visible" consonants, but | | | I wonder how people speech-read with any success, since they would be unable to observe featural differences such as [+/- voice]. |
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http://callosum.blogspot.com/2004/09/so-thats-how-they-do-it.html
(352 words)
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| | Etymological Glossary and Weekley's Test for Etymological Accuracy |
| | Words in different languages in which one is derived from the other or both share a common origin are said to be cognate. | | | The tendency of a sound to be replaced by another, and this especially occurs with the consonants l, n and r, as in the name Annabel dissimilating to Amabel, from which comes the name Mabel. | | | Two words in the same language which derive from a common source, eg. |
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http://www.takeourword.com/glossary.html
(781 words)
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| | Postalveolar consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. | | | The alveolo-palatal and retroflex consonants are also postalveolar in their point of articulation, but they are given separate columns in the IPA chart. | | | Among the fricatives and affricates, only the subtype of so-called palato-alveolar consonants are shown here. |
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http://www.sevenhills.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Postalveolar_consonant
(216 words)
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| | PLACE OF ARTICULATION FACTS AND INFORMATION |
| | Some languages have consonants with two simultaneous places of articulation, called coarticulation. | | | However, more commonly there is a secondary_articulation of an approximantic nature, in which case both articulations can be similar, such as labialized labials, palatalized velars, etc. | | | In phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a consonant is the point of contact, where an obstruction occurs in the vocal_tract between an active (moving) articulator (typically some part of the tongue) and a passive (stationary) articulator (typically some part of the roof of the mouth). |
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http://www.witwib.com/Place_of_articulation
(776 words)
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| | SIL Bibliography: Barker 1963 |
| | Barker, Milton E. "Proto-Vietnamuong initial labial consonants." Van-hóa Nguyêt-san 12: 491-500. |
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http://www.ethnologue.com/show_work.asp?id=10171
(11 words)
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| | InterUniversity Centre Canada |
| | Pronunciation of the soft and hard consonants at the end of the word. | | | Pronunciation of voiced consonants at the and of a word. | | | Pronunciation of the vowels [o], [a] after hard consonants in unstressed syllables. |
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http://www.interuniversity.com/Moscow/moscowintermediate.htm
(456 words)
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| | Literal-Minded: Phonies Yike Phonowogy |
| | Clear /l/ occurs at the onset of a syllable or intervocalically, which pretty much dismisses the 'elephant' example -- to start with, the /l/ there occurs in an onset position (English onset-maximisation principle), and secondly, it's intervocalic (surrounded by vowels). | | | Jeff notes that except for those that start with [s], the clusters all start with either labial consonants ([p,b,v,f]) or velars ([k,g]). | | | There are some dialects that do not have the velarised variety, such as Irish English (although it is beginning to creep up in Dublin, following the pattern or RP distribution of /l/), and some of the Welsh accents (South Wales, to be precise). |
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http://literalmind.blogspot.com/2004/07/phonies-yike-phonowogy.html
(787 words)
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| |
| | LANGUAGE and SPEECH Vol. 37, No. 4, 1994, pp. 341-355 |
| | Variation in the amplitude of this oscillation may be responsible for the within-utterance vowel height and consonant manner variation and much of the perceived stress variation. | | | Most results could be interpreted in terms of a basic mouth opening-closing alternation, responsible not only for the typical vowel-consonant alternation of babbling, but also for many prominent details including within utterance variation in vowel height (often stress-related) and in degree of closure for consonants. | | | Further variation is attributed to fronting movements of the tongue, the effects of which often spread beyond single vowels and consonants. |
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http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/~lgsp/davis.html
(171 words)
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| | Peter MacNeilage, Barbara L. Davis - 2000 - On the origin of internal structure of word forms |
| | The fourth pattern is an intersyllabic preference for initiating words with a labial consonant-vowel-coronal consonant sequence (LC). | | | This study shows that a corpus of proto-word forms shares four sequential sound patterns with words of modern languages and the first words of infants. | | | The CV effects may be primarily biomechanically motivated. |
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http://edfu.lis.uiuc.edu/~amag/langev/paper/macneilage00onThe.html
(176 words)
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| | LANGUAGE and SPEECH Vol. 43, No. 1, 2000, pp. TBA |
| | Generally, lingual consonants other than /g/ were more resistant to coarticulation than the labial consonants /b/ and /v/. | | | We explored the variation in the resistance that lingual and nonlingual consonants exhibit to coarticulation by following vowels in the schwa+CV disyllables of two native speakers of English. | | | Correlations between coarticulation resistance effects at consonant release and locus equation slopes were highly significant, consistent with the view that variation in coarticulation resistance explains differences among consonants in locus equation slopes. |
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http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/~lgsp/fowler.html
(140 words)
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| |
| | SOUTHWEST JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS |
| | However, there are many exceptions to this orderly sequence of stages, and they are perhaps best understood as an account of the results of basic constraints on human cognition and the geographical and demographic conditions of contact. | | | In the case of syllabic [m] deriving from mi before labial consonants, a similar process occurs; the vowel /i/ in this context is assumed to be unspecified for place features, and the Obligatory Contour Principle links the articulator nodes of the flanking labial consonants. | | | Thus, although the details vary, the existence of syllabic consonants in these dialects results from the same fundamental combination of dialect-specific and universal phonological feature reassignments. |
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http://www.tamu-commerce.edu/swjl/public_html/swjl/93abstracts.html
(912 words)
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| |
| | Articles - Persian language |
| | It is most commonly used in chat, emails and SMS applications. | | | The Persian language has six vowels and twenty-three consonants, including two affricates /ʧ/ (ch) and /ʤ/ (j). |
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http://www.centralairconditioners.net/articles/Persian_language
(1198 words)
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| | AFRASIAN PHONOLOGY |
| | A Middle Eastern and Southwestern Asian areal phenomenon is the development of "emphatic" consonants from consonants followed by the | | | Every Egyptian consonant developed two different articulations distinguished by those that were followed by the | | | This vocalic development enabled Ablaut gradations to take place in IE, and vowel patterning in Semitic (but not Egyptian). |
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http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/2803/c-AFRASIAN-3_phonology.htm
(1354 words)
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| |
| | The Mavens' Word of the Day |
| | So the formula for Indo-European language family words for father is "labial + vowel + dental + vowel + r." The exceptions to this, Modern French, Portugese, and Hindi, are the result of contraction patterns particular to the development of those languages. | | | The other common consonant shift is among the voiced and unvoiced d and t, and the voiced and unvoiced th (as in then and path). | | | However, the relationship between the Germanic and the other branches was not explained until around the turn of the 19th century, when scholars finally identified the phonetic shift that Indo-European took as it branched into Germanic. |
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http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=20010618
(495 words)
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| |
| | Distinctive Features |
| | As the term implies, labial sounds are formed with a constriction at the lips, while nonlabial sounds are formed without such a constriction. | | | As its name implies, this feature is implemented by drawing the root of the tongue forward, enlarging the pharyngeal cavity and often raising the tongue body as well; [-ATR] sounds (do not involve this gesture. | | | Spread or aspirated sounds are produced with the vocal cords drawn apart, producing a nonpcriodic (noise) component in the acoustic signal; nonspread or unaspirated sounds are produced without this gesture. |
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http://www.ling.udel.edu/idsardi/253/features.html
(838 words)
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| | Hebrew common prefixes and suffixes |
| | Where the first consonant is y with simple sh | | | Where the word is a monosyllable or before the tone syllable, it is often converted to vâ, typically when joining two nouns of the same class reflecting a close relationship in the phrase, eg | | | va’, use û, and if the first consonant also has daghesh lene, drop this, eg |
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http://www.oldtestamentstudies.net/hebrew/prefixes.asp?area=and
(122 words)
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| | Lacandón Cultural Heritage - Language Sketch |
| | Velar stops are often labialized when they precede and follow rounded vowels, e.g. | | | ] 'lizard' Labialization may also occur when u follows velars, e.g., kuk [k |
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http://web.uvic.ca/lacandon/sketch.htm
(2483 words)
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| | ipedia.com: Navajo language Article |
| | As in many northwestern American languages, Navajo is extremely poor in labial consonants. | | | Note that the first chart fails to clearly distinguish liquids and fricatives; in particular, it is unclear whether lh is a voiceless lateral liquid or a voiceless lateral fricative. |
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http://www.ipedia.com/navajo_language.html
(512 words)
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