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| | Mass lexical comparison - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Mass lexical comparison or mass comparison is a highly controversial method developed by the well-known linguist Joseph Greenberg to find genetic relationships among languages in the remote past, beyond the limits of the traditional comparative method, or in situations where there are too many languages to practically apply the latter without many generations of work. | | | Since the development of comparative linguistics in the 19th century, a linguist who claims that two languages are related, in the absence of historical evidence, is expected to back up that claim by presenting general rules that describe the differences between their lexicons, morphologies, and grammars. | | | Greenberg also observed that, just from statistical principles, the computed similarity between the lexicons of two sets of closely related languages would be more reliable than that computed from two languages alone. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_lexical_comparison
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| | Words in context: ERPs and the lexical/postlexical distinction |
| | Lexical processing is a fast, automatic stage of processing that involves recognition, in which the phonemic or orthographic input is matched to templates in the mental lexicon, and access, in which syntactic and semantic information associated with the word is activated and thereby made available to later stages of processing. | | | Moreover, N400 amplitude is also modulated by variables, such as predictability in the sentence, that are thought to influence post-lexical integration, as well as by variables that influence still higher levels of comprehension, such as congruency with the larger discourse context. | | | Consequently, lexical variables are predicted: (1) to have an earlier influence on word processing than post-lexical variables; (2) to influence word processing via a qualitatively different mechanism than post-lexical variables; and (3) to be more robust than post-lexical variables, as post-lexical processing mechanisms depend on the completion of lexical processing. |
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http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/~coulson/jpr.htm
(6168 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | It is obvious that a lexical decision task is accomplished at a deeper level than a simple naming task. | | | This can be solved if we look at lexical decision as a one-entry input/search of the network at the highest level. | | | A pattern recognition model of lexical encoding and access is postulated to explain this effect. |
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http://www.mit.edu/afs/sipb.mit.edu/user/mycroftt/final2.mss
(2624 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | The fundamental task of computer input is to move information from the brain of the user into the computer. | | | This chapter considers the input half of this physical level of human-computer interaction, the final means by which the user communicates information to the computer. | | | It is also called the Lexical level of the design of an interactive system, in contrast to the successively higher Syntactic, Semantic, and Conceptual levels[9]. |
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http://www.cs.tufts.edu/~jacob/papers/crc.html
(8687 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | Lexical semantic information is determined in part by the words themselves and in part by the context in which they appear. | | | Such lexical semantic information includes verbal aspect, nominal classification (e.g., count-mass, locative and frequency), modifier classification (e.g., positive-negative, intersective-nonintersective, and eventive-propositional) and relations between participants and events (e.g., sentience and volition). | | | Although we are aware of no systems that use hand tagged corpora in service of acquiring lexical semantics, it seems likely that such corpora would aid the identification of non-semantic cues for lexical semantic information. |
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http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/~light/tueb_html/semtag_ws_call.html
(587 words)
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| | Introduction |
| | After an overview of the Cyc knowledge base in the next section, Section 3 discusses the approach taken to inferring the part of speech for lexicalizations, along with the classification results. | | | The reason for this is that the knowledge engineers might not be familiar with the linguistic considerations necessary for performing the mappings accurately. | | | The work here illustrates how this can be done by learning a decision tree based on the ontological types of the underlying concept. |
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http://www.cs.nmsu.edu/~tomohara/mass-count-inference/node1.html
(607 words)
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| | Barry: Choosing Qualitative Data Analysis Software |
| | The feature by feature comparison of the software packages provided by Weitzman and Miles are helpful in gaining a view of the strengths and weaknesses of the two packages. | | | Conversely, those who are easy with a mass of data and comfortable with uncertainty may prefer the variety of options in Atlas/ti. | | | They tested ETHNOGRAPH as a pure code-and-retrieve package; FYI 300Plus as a lexical searching program; Kwalitan and Nudist as coding and theory building programs and GUIDE as an example of a hypertext program. |
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http://www.socresonline.org.uk/3/3/4.html
(6747 words)
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| | Otter 3.0 Manual |
| | These opera- tions are analogous to the six operations in $int x int -> bool$, except that the comparisons are lexical instead of arithmetic. | | | Lrpo comparison is never used when evaluating the func- tions/predicates that perform lexical comparison ($LLT, $LGT, etc.). | | | This flag affects lex-dependent demodulation and the evaluable functions and predicates that perform lexical comparisons. |
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http://www.cs.uu.nl/docs/vakken/ar/archief/manual30.html
(17188 words)
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| | Thesis |
| | But when a rigorous statistical methodology is introduced, the most effective and reliable type of evidence turns out to be something that looks a lot like mass lexical comparison: collecting lists of words and comparing at a fairly superficial level those that name the same concept. | | | Much of the book deals with the havoc that can be wreaked if one simply pulls words out of a dictionary and runs them through a computer without first conducting painstaking linguistic research into the structure and history of each individual word. | | | Nevertheless, to avoid drifting off into the aether of the purely theoretical, I do give many examples of how my methodology would be applied, and what the results would be like, using a suite of eight languages. |
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http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~bkessler/thesis
(659 words)
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| | Merritt Ruhlen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The majority of criticisms of Ruhlen center around his use of mass comparison, which instead of using common historical linguistic methods of comparison, involves comparing the lexicons of however many languages one is investigating and examining them for words in two or more languages which appear similar phonologically and have a similar meaning. | | | Furthermore, by using mass comparison, Ruhlen makes his data unfalsifiable. | | | Historical linguists argue that most results turned up with mass comparison could easily be cases of simple coincidence. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merritt_Ruhlen
(508 words)
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| | On transitivity alternation in Japanese and English: |
| | s transitivity representations at the syntactic level as illustrated in (4) are interpreted as being projected from its lexical entries. | | | Lexical Semantics in Review: an Introduction, MIT: 1-62. | | | In this view, not only idiosyncratic meanings but also transitivity status are listed as part of our lexical knowledge. |
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http://web.aall.ufl.edu/SJS/Matsuzaki.html
(4511 words)
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| | Near-Synonymy and the Structure of Lexical Knowledge - Hirst (ResearchIndex) |
| | "Near-synonymy and the structure of lexical knowledge." In: Working notes of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Representation and Acquisition of Lexical Knowledge. | | | 48 Lexical semantics (context) - Cruse - 1986 | | | 3 Lexical semantics and knowledge representation (context) - James, Sabine - 1992 ACM |
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http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/hirst95nearsynonymy.html
(603 words)
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| | Untitled |
| | The process of implementing these two functors is a cognitive one and requires varying degrees of encyclopaedic knowledge: | | | The adjectives here seem in particular to suppose a directed line bounded at one end; well refers to the end-point while sick refers to the remainder of the line, correlating greater magnitude with greater distance along the line. | | | "Cognitive grammar and the history of lexical semantics", in: Rudzka-Ostyn, Brygida (ed.) Topics in cognitive linguistics. |
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http://www.univie.ac.at/Anglistik/pub/arthur92/arthur.htm
(2458 words)
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| | OpenCyc vs. ThoughtTreasure: A comparison |
| | lexical entries is the number of posForms assertions that map word to part of speech in OpenCyc and the number of English and French lexical entries (words and phrases) in ThoughtTreasure. | | | lexical entry to concept links is the number of denotation assertions that map word, part of speech, and sense number to concept in OpenCyc and the number of links between lexical entries and objects in ThoughtTreasure. | | | (17.2 percent of the lexical entries in ThoughtTreasure are not linked to any object, due to the presence in phrases of words which are not defined in isolation.) |
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http://www.signiform.com/tt/htm/opencyctt.htm
(414 words)
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| | CS 381K: Natural Language Interfaces |
| | You might consider adding logical or comparison expressions to the database language. | | | Expand the coverage of your program to allow more complex queries than the examples given. | | | Parsing programs using the ATN functions can be written by hand, as in the file |
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http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/novak/asg-nldb.html
(827 words)
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| | Ethnologue: Bibliography of Ethnologue Data Sources |
| | Miller, Wick R. The classification of the Uto-Aztecan languages based on lexical evidence. | | | Olson, Kenneth S. On the comparison and classification of Banda dialects. | | | Payne, David L. A classification of Maipuran (Arawakan) languages based on shared lexical retentions. |
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http://www.ethnologue.com/14/ethno_docs/bibliography.asp
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| | Publication |
| | Lexical Functions in Lexicography and Natural Language Processing.} John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 1996. | | | "Lexical Acquisition for Lexical Databases." Proceedings of the First Great Lakes Computer Science Conference, Kalamazoo, October 18-20, 1989. | | | Generating Cohesive Text Using Systemic Grammar and Lexical Relations. |
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http://www.iit.edu/~iitlex/public.html
(1291 words)
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| | Untitled Document |
| | Linguistic and lexical analyses are almost always rather hazardous tasks, especially in contexts of poorly known languages. | | | It is truly challenging work, and requires a multidisciplinary approach, to distinguish such useful historical information from the much larger mass of inventive, fabulous and manipulated data. | | | This is not true, since I chose a multidisciplinary approach which exploits all kinds of available data in testing this idea and hypothesis. |
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http://www.traditionalhighcultures.com/HiltunenPaper.htm
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| | Languge death |
| | Perhaps the best example of documented change is to be found in the early lexical texts. | | | One would need to study the semantic classes and frequency distributions of these words in order to arrive at any firm conclusions, and any full analysis of the matter would also have to take into account divine and personal naming patterns as well. | | | Unfortunately, even less has been done on Akkadian and Semitic loans in that language. |
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http://www-personal.umich.edu/~piotrm/DIGLOS~1.htm
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| | SLABIB A |
| | Hulstijn, J. (1990), 'A comparison between the information-processing and the analysis/control approaches to language learning'. | | | Hancin-Bhatt, B. and Nagy, W. 1994, Lexical transfer and second language morphological development. | | | Holmes, J. and Guerra Ramos, R. False friends and reckless guessers: observing cognate recognition strategies. |
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http://homepage.ntlworld.com/vivian.c/SLA/SLABIB/SLABIBH.htm
(6596 words)
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| | Language classification |
| | (1) The comparative method (using inter-language comparisons to establish systematic correspondences) and the method of mass comparison are generally treated as two differing ways of working out genetic relationships between languages. | | | One does not usually stray far from basic vocabulary since once too much semantic freedom is allowed, e.g. | | | Table of data for practicing language classification (APS page 18) |
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http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/linguistics/people/schuh/Lx110/Discussion/01_disc.html
(1431 words)
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| | Compares |
| | Other approaches to the problem that have been proposed, such as Joseph Greenberg's "mass lexical comparison" method, are still considered too unreliable by most linguists. | | | Those who pay heed to usage prescription frequently jar at the null comparative, a comparative in which the starting point for comparison is not stated. | | | In some cases it is easy to infer what the missing element in a null comparative is; in other cases the speaker/writer may have been deliberately vague in this regard. |
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http://www.wwwtln.com/finance/44/compares.html
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| | semantics etc. |
| | Lastly, one could imagine an analysis that says that the sentence does say that the order was non-accidentally determined by the alphabet but that the source of that reading is not a lexical ambiguity but lies in the presence of a covert “generic” operator. | | | The Gricean story would actually be a natural ingredient in an ambiguity story as well, since the near triviality of the sentence under one of its putative readings would serve as an incentive to resolve the ambiguity towards the more informative reading. | | | "YOU CANNOT draw conclusions about what a culture values, or what speakers perceive, or how a nation thinks, by selective comparison of the senses of a few lexical items." |
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http://semantics-online.org/blog
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| | Pedantry - everything that bored you to death in high school |
| | However, the instrumental value of mass languages today is so great that to imagine that any sort of minimalist language policy can be economically efficient may be an unreasonable assumption. | | | In the era before mass media and rapid transportation, they would in fact have constituted a relatively just and economically efficient basis for language policy. | | | Had these principles been in place in Canada and the United States since their respective foundings, it is unlikely that either state would have English-speaking majorities today. |
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http://pedantry.blogspot.com/2003_08_17_pedantry_archive.html
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| | [No title] |
| | The lexical evidence is less clear, but consistent with a Na-Dene classification. | | | You might consider that as either locative or perlative. | | | Anne Demedts Dragon Systems, Inc. : speech recognition : +1 617 965-5200 320 Nevada St. : Newton, Mass. |
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http://www.umich.edu/~archive/linguistics/linguist.list/volume.3/no.301-350
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| | Determining Semantic Similarity among Entity Classes from Different Ontologies |
| | [57] J. Burg, and R. van de Riet, “COLOR-X: Using Knowledge from WordNet for Conceptual Modeling,” WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database, C. Fellbaum, ed., Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1998. | | | [51] F. Bowdle, and D. Gentner, “Informativity and Asymmetry in Comparisons,” Cognitive Psychology, vol. | | | [13] B. Schaeffer, and R. Wallace, “Semantic Similarity and the Comparison of Word Meanings,” J. |
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http://csdl2.computer.org/persagen/DLAbsToc.jsp?resourcePath=/dl/trans/tk/&toc=comp/trans/tk/2003/02/k2toc.xml&DOI=10.1109/TKDE.2003.1185844
(1377 words)
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| | Business Encyclopedia |
| | For criticisms and defenses of specific theories, see the relevant articles (linguistic universals, implicational universal, mass lexical comparison, Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Afro-Asiatic languages, Amerind languages, Eurasiatic languages, Indo-Pacific languages.) | | | This method was enthusiastically embraced by some historical linguists (and many geneticists), but was rejected by most historical linguists. | | | See mass lexical comparison for a fuller discussion. |
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http://www.bizencyclopedia.com/index.php?title=Joseph_Greenberg
(625 words)
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| | Articles - Historical linguistics |
| | However, by ignoring known historical changes in the languages, mass lexical comparison incorporates known randomness, and therefore appears to be willfully inaccurate. | | | Its proponents, unlike Greenberg, use the traditional comparative method; however, their comparisons are often accused of being far-fetched or involving too many semantic shifts, while some also accuse them of simply grouping together the language families most familiar to them and neglecting to compare each of them to language families further afield. | | | The problem is that any two languages have a huge number of opportunities to resemble one another just by accident, so merely pointing out isolated resemblances has little evidentiary value. |
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http://www.gaple.com/articles/Comparative_linguistics
(1131 words)
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| | Language Log: September 2004 Archives |
| | Its foundation is that there is nothing the people cannot understand, rather things must be put in a way that they can understand. | | | "A comparison from which something might have resulted" | | | As a point of comparison, among the 223 sentences in John Kerry's 9/24/2004 address at Temple University (which focused on similar issues, and is similarly forceful and authoritative-sounding), about 21 can be given a Subject Verb Object analysis, a using similarly rough-and-ready analytic method. |
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http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/2004_09.html
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| | Past Linguistic Activities from 2003 |
| | Similarly, roots in both AEI and YNG are radically underspecified with respect to certain lexical classifications in Indo-European, such as the Italian distinction between unaccusative and transitive/unergative codings of event structure (Burzio 1981). | | | The question of which features (and/or parameters) and how many of them are naturally made available to UG through the C-I interface (or SEM), to enable Ls to name entities in a more natural (and presumably computationally efficient) way has hardly been seriously addressed. | | | Assume that these notions are associated with ontologically nominal entities, which are built on two features (with two values). |
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http://www.bu.edu/linguistics/UG/past-events03lx.html
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| | A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur'ānic Arabic |
| | This work does not aim to be an etymological dictionary of Qur'ānic Arabic, nor does it attempt to suggest some new genetic classification of the Semitic languages. | | | The work is based on a quantitative analysis of a substantial corpus of the Arabic lexicon with a view to investigating lexical relationships within a number of Semitic languages. | | | Moreover, the lexical links identified in this study are in themselves linguistic indicators of the various degrees of cultural proximity characterising the various Semitic languages. |
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http://www.brill.nl/product.asp?ID=9307
(200 words)
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| | UNIVERSITY OF MALTA |
| | This research does not aim to be an etymological dictionary of Qur'anic Arabic, nor does it attempt to suggest some new genetic classification of the Semitic languages. | | | This work is based on a quantitative analysis of a substantial corpus of the Arabic lexicon with a view to investigating lexical relationships within nine Semitic languages. | | | A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur'anic Arabic provides valuable research material to all those interested in Semitic studies in general or in any of the Semitic languages mentioned above in particular. |
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http://www.um.edu.mt/pub/zammitr.html
(220 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | Perhaps, as in the case of the AA-EC comparisons, > they don't "work" at the branch level, but only at the higher level > of unreality, the proto-level! | | | So if two languages both use the same kind of case-marking system for example, they are at a minimun typologically similar, if furthermore the form of the case-markings themselves can be shown to be similar, they may also be genetically related. | | | The same is > true of comparing AA with any one of the branches of EC; a useful > comparison is possible only on the PAA and PEC level. |
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http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/ANE/ANE-DIGEST/2001/v2001.n011
(5921 words)
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| | LINGUIST List 3.350: Greenberg and Mass Comparison |
| | Alexis Manaster-Ramer writes: I do not really think that we should pay much attention to the rejection of Greenberg's classification of the languages of Papua and vicinity by people who do not themselves do comparative linguistics. | | | Greenberg hasn't been able to produce valid examples in support of this assertion that Indo-European was done using methods like his. | | | I agree with Alexis Manaster-Ramer that if you work on just one small family, your judgement on Greenberg's method might not be relevant, and that comparing, say Finnish with Amerind does not prove the method does whatever you would like it to do. |
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http://www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de/linguist/issues/3/3-350.html
(1455 words)
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| | LEVELHEAD.org » Personal |
| | Greenberg developed what he called mass lexical comparison to find genetic relationships in the lexicons of various languages. | | | He compared a select set of words and analyzed their equivalents in different languages for similarities and – trusting that a sufficiently large number of similar pairs would be enough to prove a relationship – published his findings. | | | I would like to visit Vietnam (among other places) before I return home, but at this point it is difficult to judge how feasible such traveling will be. |
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http://www.levelhead.org/archives/category/personal
(5612 words)
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| | Conceptualised Deviations From Expected Normalities - A Semantic Comparison Between Lexical Items Ending In -Ful ... |
| | Abstract: In our article, we start by posing the question why some adjectival stems can end both in-ful and-less, while others take only one of the endings. | | | It soon becomes clear that we need to use several basic concepts from cognitive linguistics to answer our question: boundedness, mass vs. individual, part-whole relations and container metaphors. | | | Together these items make up around 1% of the entries in a good dictionary. |
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http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/511111.html
(164 words)
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| | XML News in 2002 |
| | In order to map this terrain more precisely, computational agents require machine-readable descriptions of the content and capabilities of web accessible resources. | | | Do not define your product by comparison to some other product since I probably don't know what that product does either. | | | The sheer mass of this data is unmanageable without powerful tool support. |
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http://www.cafeconleche.org/news2002.html
(16135 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | A structural and lexical comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, and Atakapa languages. |
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http://warp6.cs.misu.nodak.edu/library/acqlist/APR2000.html
(4150 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | # spelling variant facts were eliminated in favor of lexical lookup. |
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http://specialist.nlm.nih.gov/nls/lvg2001/data/tables/derivation.data
(382 words)
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| | The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China |
| | The purpose of this paper is to contribute some lexical evidence towards the solution of this problem. | | | And even if our theory is not accepted, there is no reason to adopt Simon’s analysis; ya is clearly a word of relatively late origin, and the fact that 邪 has 牙 as its phonetic can be explained by assuming that the z- of 邪 resulted from the palatalization of an earlier g-.** | | | The Mon-Khmer data is taken from Franklin Huffman, “An examination of lexical correspondences between Vietnamese and some other Mon-Khmer languages,” a paper presented to the Cornell Linguistics Club, April, 1974 and also to the 8 |
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http://www.people.cornell.edu/pages/tm17/paper459.htm
(6974 words)
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| | John Benjamins: Book details for Current Advances in Semantic Theory [CILT 73] |
| | The aim of the meeting was to broaden the horizons of meaning research and the modeling of linguistic semantics, with contributions centering on the appropriate modeling of lexical, syntactic, and textual-semantic representations. | | | The Semantics of Emotion Words: A Comparison of Three Taxonomies | | | The papers challenge some basic notions of semantics and reveal two main avenues of development in contemporary investigations. |
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http://www.benjamins.com/cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=CILT_73
(288 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | Eventually, all lexical entries should have a frequency-of-usage count for each sense, to assist the interpreter to choose the correct sense. | | | Until then, such "frequency" counts are entered only as estimates, where it is possible that common senses will be confused with rare senses. | | | A bracket comment of the type [wfr-100] indicates that the labeled word is not actually obsolete, but is used much less frequently than a more common sense. |
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http://www.micra.com/factotum/fsn.txt
(5106 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | Supplied with ``Some points to be revised in Ho grammar and vocabulary'', 1978, pp. | | | Despite the slight phonological divergence between the two dialects, the number of cognates is rather small. | | | %K Nicobarese %A Critchfield, Jean %D 1963 %U A binary comparison of the Car and Central dialects of Nicobarese %C Berkeley %I unpubl. |
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http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/faculty/stampe/AA/AA-BIB/munda.union
(16957 words)
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| | Intel ISEF Results Science Service |
| | The Neurobiology of Lexical Processing: An Examination of a Model of the Comparison Process | | | For the Team Projects that best exemplify the interdisciplinary aspects of scientific and engineering research. | | | An Ultra High Speed Method for the Multiple Comparison of 3-D Structures and Its Application to 3-D Protein Structure Pattern Recognition |
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http://www.sciserv.org/isef/results/sao2003.asp
(8438 words)
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| | DO YOU THINK THAT THE HOLOCAUST REALLY HAPPENED? PLEASE, LEAVE YOUR COMMENTS HERE. - Bestandworst.com |
| | Hundreds of thousands of other races/religions have died in mass due to their religion/race/colour etc. I believe that each should be given the recognition they deserve. | | | History has been changed to be more "politically correct". | | | Regardless of the many evil and erroneous things said against them on this site, the originators of those comments have clearly not taken the time to TRULY befriend a Black person, without bringing racism or feelings of superiority to the table. |
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http://www.bestandworst.com/result.php?id=8705
(3725 words)
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| | Shawnee Names for Tribes and Peoples |
| | Mary Haas made the suggestion that lexical items from reconstructed proto-languages could be used to reconstruct deeper levels of relationships, a suggestion which the author used to demonstrate the relationship | | | Swadesh established remote relationships on a basis different from the usual historical linguistic principles by using "basic" word lists of items that resist change (lexicostatistics) and Greenberg has used a "mass comparison" method. | | | Phyla can be dissolved when it becomes evident that the putative relationship cannot be proven by subsequent research. |
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http://www.shawnee-traditions.com/Tribes.html
(1402 words)
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