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| | Multics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Multics was also notable for its early emphasis on computer security by design, and Multics was possibly the very first operating system to be designed as a secure system from the ground up. | | | Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) was an extraordinarily influential early time-sharing operating system. | | | Multics was an early operating system that implemented a single level store for data access, discarding the clear distinction between files (called segments in Multics) and process memory. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics
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| | Multics Glossary |
| | file system Multics was the first operating system to... | | | 645 The computer system that Multics first ran... | | | ALM Assembly Language for Multics, which was supposed... |
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http://www.au.multicians.org/mgloss.html
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| | Multics - a Whatis.com definition - see also: Multiplexed Information and Computing Service |
| | Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) was a mainframe time-sharing operating system that was developed in the 1963-1969 period through the collaboration of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), General Electric (GE), and Bell Labs. | | | Multics was the first or one of the first operating systems that used page-segmented storage. | | | In 1969, the Multics name (pronounced MUHL-tihx) inspired the creators of a newer operating system to call it Unix. |
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http://search390.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid10_gci213556,00.html
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| | Multics |
| | Multics began as a research project and was an important influence on operating system development. | | | Multics Emacs: The History, Design and Implementation (1979) | | | A Managerial View of the Multics Software Development (1977) |
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http://www.multicians.org
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| | Iterations: An interdisciplinary journal of software history |
| | Multics was coherent and rational, where UNIX is chaotic and whimsical. | | | Multics was designed to provide general purpose, timesharing computing facilities to hundreds or thousands of simultaneous users. | | | Multics deserves, and in time may well receive, a more prominent place in popular histories of computer technology. |
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http://www.cbi.umn.edu/iterations/haigh.html
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| | Multics General Information and FAQ |
| | Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) is a timesharing operating system begun in 1965 and used until 2000. | | | The most important Multics influences were writing the operating system in a high-level language, the single-level storage system, and an emphasis on security, although rings were not present on the last generation of S-1 machine. | | | Multics also supported other tools for the GCOS64 factory such as a L64 linker and a hardware simulator and its environment (CLANG). |
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http://www.multicians.org/general.html
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| | jargon, node: Multics |
| | One of the developers left in the lurch by the project's breakup was Ken Thompson, a circumstance which led directly to the birth of Unix. | | | Multics: /muhl'tiks/ /n./ [from "MULTiplexed Information and Computing Service"] An early (late 1960s) timesharing operating system co-designed by a consortium including MIT, GE, and Bell Laboratories. | | | Honeywell commercialized Multics after buying out GE's computer group, but it was never very successful (among other things, on some versions one was commonly required to enter a password to log out). |
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http://www.jargon.net/jargonfile/m/Multics.html
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| | Multics FAQ (monthly posting) |
| | A) Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) was a timesharing operating system begun in 1965 and still in use today. | | | The URL is http://www.mit.edu:8001/afs/net/user/srz/www/multics.html A5) Paul Green's Multics archive table of contents is at ftp://ftp.stratus.com/pub/vos/multics/multics.html It lists his Multics Virtual Memory paper, as well as examples of Multics PL/I programs. | | | Multics ran on special expensive CPU hardware which provided a segmented, paged, ring-structured virtual memory. |
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http://www.mit.edu:8001/afs/net/user/srz/www/multics-faq.html
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| | MULTICS - Definition |
| | One of the former Multics developers from Bell Labs was Ken Thompson, a circumstance which led directly to the birth of Unix. | | | Honeywell sold its computer business to Bull in the mid 1980s, and development on Multics was stopped in 1988 when Bull scrapped a Boston proposal to port Multics to a platform derived from the DPS-6. | | | Bell Labs left the development effort in 1969. |
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http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/Multics
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| | Multics History |
| | One group at Project MAC was working on what became the ARPANet, and they designed the hardware and software that connected Multics to the ARPANet as host 0 on IMP #6 in September 1971. | | | Six papers describing Multics were presented at a special session at the 1965 Fall Joint Computer Conference. | | | Multics on Sequent (or other Intel 386/486) (1985-1987) |
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http://www.multicians.org/history.html
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| | The Amber Operating System - May 1984 |
| | Multics uses segments in a way that frees it from the preallocation problems of a system swap space. | | | Multics needs only one copy of the an object program, since it can page it directly from the file system. | | | Some of the Multics specific simulation routines were rewritten so testing could continue, but by and large, aside from the code generator the movement of Amber development to the Vax was not a major effort. |
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http://www.mit.edu/%7Ecbf/thesis.htm
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| | Multics Virtual Memory - Tutorial and Reflections |
| | Lastly, and arguably most important, the Multics source code is rife with declarations that "know" that the word size is 36 bits, that characters are 4 per word and bytes are 9 bits, that the pointer size is 72 bits, that stacks grow up, that character strings are a maximum of 1MB, and so on. | | | Multics maps segments directly onto files and directories, so that "opening a file" means "creating an association" between a segment number and the file. | | | Multics can do a direct procedure call to a higher privilege level, with the full generality of high-level language argument passing, without taking a trap or invoking mediation code. |
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http://ftp.stratus.com/vos/multics/pg/mvm.html
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| | Starting June 17, 2004 |
| | Multics was a major OS project started in 1965, which influenced many operating systems since, most notably Unix. | | | He said that the attacks on computers today are more sophisticated that what they thought even the USSR's KGB would be able to do, and that today's systems are much worse at protecting from them than Multics. | | | Dennis also gave us the history of Segmentation and the Multics memory system. |
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http://danbricklin.com/log/2004_06_17.htm
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| | Slashdot The Last Multics System Decommissioned |
| | Multics could run with Classified, Secret, and Top-Secret information (and programs) all co-resident, and without a lower-classification program being able to access higher-classification information. | | | No modern operating system works this way; the set of systems that replaced the Multics group that I worked on was *3* separate Unix networks, one for each security classification. | | | This was more a function of the hardware architecture than the OS, but most modern computers don't take this to the extremes of Multics. |
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http://slashdot.org/articles/00/11/13/066228.shtml
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| | History of UNIX and Linux |
| | When Multics was withdrawn Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie needed to rewrite an operating system in order to play space travel on another smaller machine (a DEC PDP-7 [Programmed Data Processor 4K memory for user programs). | | | The result was a system which a punning colleague called UNICS (UNiplexed Information and Computing Service)--an 'emasculated Multics'. | | | Bell Labs was adopting third generation computer equipment and decided to join forces with General Electric and MIT to create Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service). |
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http://www.computerhope.com/history/unix.htm
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| | Early Unix history and evolution |
| | Thus it might seem that stream-splicing in Multics was the direct precursor of Unix pipes, as Multics IO redirection certainly was for its Unix version. | | | More important, the convenient interactive computing service that Multics had promised to the entire community was in fact available to our limited group, at first under the CTSS system used to develop Multics, and later under Multics itself. | | | Another shake-up that occurred during this period was the organizational separation of computing services and computing research. |
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http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html
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| | Open Directory - Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Mainframe: Multics |
| | - Multics was the acronym for "Multiplexed Information and Computing Service" - a mainframe timesharing operating system begun in 1965 and used up until 2000. | | | Multics Security Evaluation: Vulnerability Analysis - The USAF's analysis into potential weaknesses and strengths of the Multics OS. | | | The Creation of the Unix Operating System - The history of the development of Unix at Bell Labs, and how Multics was an important stepping stone. |
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http://dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Mainframe/Multics
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| | The Creation of the UNIX* Operating System: Before Multics there was chaos, and afterwards, too |
| | To try to develop a convenient, interactive, useable computer system that could support many users, a group of computer scientists from Bell Labs and GE in 1965 joined an effort underway at MIT on what was called the Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) mainframe timesharing system. | | | If a business upgraded to a bigger, more powerful computer, the old operating system probably wouldn't work on the new computer, and often the company's data had to be entered -- again -- into the new machine. | | | Computer systems didn't talk to each other in the early days of computing. |
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http://www.bell-labs.com/history/unix/chaos.html
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| | Multics Bibliography (monthly posting) |
| | * Greenberg, B. S., Multics Emacs: an experiment in computer interaction, Proc Fourth Honeywell Software Conf, March 1980. | | | * GL71, Multics Simplified Computing and Filing Facility. | | | Newspaper & magazine articles about Multics * Schell, R. R., "Computer Security: The Achilles' Heel of the Electronic Air Force", Air University Review, January - February 1979, p. |
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http://www.mit.edu:8001/people/srz/multics-bibliography.html
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| | CHAPTER 1 History of Unix |
| | It was given the name UNIX by Brian Kernighan as a pun on Multics. | | | Some of the Bell Labs programmers who had worked on this project, Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Rudd Canaday, and Doug McIlroy designed and implemented the first version of the Unix File System on a PDP-7 along with a few utilities. | | | 1965 Bell Laboratories joins with MIT and General Electric in the development effort for the new operating system, Multics, which would provide multi-user, multi-processor, and multi-level (hierarchical) file system, among its many forward-looking features. |
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http://wks.uts.ohio-state.edu/unix_course/intro-2.html
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| | Chistory |
| | The company was pulling out of the Multics project [Organick 75], which had started as a joint venture of MIT, General Electric, and Bell Labs; by 1969, Bell Labs management, and even the researchers, came to believe that the promises of Multics could be fulfilled only too late and too expensively. | | | PL/I, the implementation language of Multics, was not much to our tastes, but we were also using other languages, including BCPL, and we regretted losing the advantages of writing programs in a language above the level of assembler, such as ease of writing and clarity of understanding. | | | After a rapidly scuttled attempt at Fortran, he created instead a language of his own, which he called B. B can be thought of as C without types; more accurately, it is BCPL squeezed into 8K bytes of memory and filtered through Thompson's brain. |
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http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.html
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| | Multics Relational Data Store (MRDS) |
| | This is believed to be the first relational database management system offered by a major computer vendor, namely Honeywell Information Systems, Incorporated. | | | Multics Relational Data Store (MRDS) Reference Manual, Order Number AW53, 1980. | | | "Multics Relational Data Store: An Implementation of A Relational Data Base Manager" Proceedings of the Eleventh Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences Volume 1, (January 1978), pages 52-66. |
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http://www.mcjones.org/System_R/mrds.html
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| | RFC 411 (rfc411) - New MULTICS Network Software Features |
| | To alleviate this, we have introduced interrupt-time code which processes the ALL's and outputs the next group of bytes without causing the Network Daemon to take a wakeup. | | | RFC 411 - New MULTICS Network Software Features | | | RFC 411 (rfc411) - New MULTICS Network Software Features |
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http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc411.html
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| | Seattle Weekly - tech: Multics and Mr. Rogers |
| | Many computer professionals disliked the system because of its noncommercial ways and Multics' gentle but firm way of disallowing any add-on feature or instruction that wasn't both well constructed and design-consistent with the basic system ("Multicious," as the faithful say). | | | Rogers' Neighborhood first aired in February 1968, while the first Multics system--built as a joint project by MIT's Project MAC ("Machine-Aided Cognition" or "Multiple-Access Computers"), Bell Telephone Labs, and General Electric--went online for paying customers in October 1969. | | | Most of us, born in the '60s and '70s, postdate both the gentle children's show and the time-sharing, multi-user-capable ancestor of Unix and Linux. |
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http://www.seattleweekly.com/features/0047/kiss-gunn.shtml
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| | DPS8 |
| | See System Design of a Computer for Time Sharing Applications and Multics Home | | | After the "merger" when Honeywell bought the GE computer dept, the Phoenix operation became Honeywell Large Information Systems Division, and they brought out a medium-scale integrated version of the GE 600 line as the Honeywell 6000 line. | | | The Multics machine in this line was the Honeywell 6180, an improvement over the 645 in many areas. |
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http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/honeywell-DPS8.html
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| | Summary - History of Computer Security Project - UC Davis Computer Security Laboratory |
| | Unfortunately, many of the early seminal papers are often overlooked as developers (and sometimes researchers) rediscover problems and solutions, leading to wasted time and development effort. | | | Computer security as a discipline was first studied in the early 1970s, although the issues had influenced the development of many earlier systems such as the Atlas system and Multics. |
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http://seclab.cs.ucdavis.edu/projects/history
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| | The Creation of the UNIX* Operating System |
| | Its development and evolution led to a new philosophy of computing, and it has been a never-ending source of both challenges and joy to programmers around the world. | | | Next: Before Multics there was chaos, and afterwards, too |
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http://www.bell-labs.com/history/unix
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| | SIMTICS Isn't MULTICS - Home Page |
| | The purpose of this page is simply to provide a starting point for this project. | | | For further information on PL/I, you could try IBM's copious library. | | | (PL/I is the language MULTICS is written in. |
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http://simtics.sourceforge.net
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| | CS262a: UNIX and Multics |
| | Phone switches can do this, but not routers! | | | Key idea: well-thought out grand set of goals that were mostly successfully delivered. | | | Multics – The First Seven Years – More of a classic retrospective paper (lots of lessons learned). |
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http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~adj/cs262/Lec_9_5.html
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| | The Risks Digest Volume 21: Issue 12 |
| | These principles became fundamental to the Multics development and operation for the 35 years from 1965 until 2000. | | | So, to commemorate the final resting place of Multics, it seems appropriate to reiterate them here. |
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http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/21.12.html
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