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| | Natural language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Natural language is also considered a field of weak artificial intelligence. | | | Natural languages are deemed to be unsuitable for programming languages simply because they have a vast vocabulary that can be deemed infinite, complex grammatical rules and a sense of ambiguity surrounding them. | | | The term natural language is used to distinguish languages spoken and signed (by hand signals and facial expressions) by humans for general-purpose communication from constructs such as writing, computer-programming languages or the "languages" used in the study of formal logic, especially mathematical logic. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language
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| | Natural language processing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence and linguistics. | | | Natural language understanding is sometimes referred to as an AI-complete problem, because natural language recognition seems to require extensive knowledge about the outside world and the ability to manipulate it. | | | Statistical natural language processing uses stochastic, probabilistic and statistical methods to resolve some of the difficulties discussed above, especially those which arise because longer sentences are highly ambiguous when processed with realistic grammars, yielding thousands or millions of possible analyses. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing
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| | Natural Language as an Interface Style |
| | Natural language is one of many 'interface styles' (or 'interaction modalities') that can be used in the dialog between a human user and a computer. | | | Natural language interfaces, if they are the only form of interaction, do not take advantage of the capabilities of the computer -- those strategies that work in human-human communication are probably not the best suited to human-computer interactions, where the computer can display information many times faster than people can enter commands (Shneiderman, 1992). | | | Additionally, natural language interfaces have in the past led users to anthropomorphize the computer, or at least to attribute more intelligence than is warranted to it. |
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http://www.dgp.toronto.edu/people/byron/papers/nli.html
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| | Natural Language Semantics Markup Language: W3C Working Draft |
| | This markup language is intended for use by systems that provide semantic interpretations for a variety of inputs, including but not necessarily limited to, speech and natural language text input. | | | Natural language ambiguities result from syntactic, semantic, or pragmatic ambiguities in a single recognizer result. | | | Note that the use of "unanalyzed" would be mainly useful for systems with robust natural language interpreters which are capable of ignoring portions of the speech recognizer result that don't match the natural language grammar. |
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http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/WD-nl-spec-20001120
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| | Natural Language Generation |
| | Natural Language Generation is a subfield of Computational Linguistics and language-oriented Artificial Intelligence research devoted to studying and simulating the production of written or spoken discourse. | | | The study of human language generation is a multidisciplinary enterprise, requiring expertise in areas of linguistics, psychology, engineering and computer science. | | | One of the central goals is to investigate how computer programs can be made to produce high-quality natural language text from computer-internal representations of information. |
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http://www.dfki.de/fluids/Natural_Language_Generation.html
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| | Natural Language Processing FAQ |
| | Natural Language Engineering is an international journal designed to meet the needs of professionals and researchers working in all areas of computerised language processing, whether from the perspective of theoretical or descriptive linguistics, lexicology, computer science or engineering. | | | Natural language interfaces enable the user to communicate with the computer in German, English or another human language. | | | The Computation and Language E-Print Archive http://xxx.lanl.gov/archive/cs/ The Computation and Language E-Print Archive is a fully automated electronic archive and distribution server for papers on computational linguistics, natural-language processing, speech processing, and related fields. |
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http://www.faqs.org/faqs/natural-lang-processing-faq
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| | NLP, Sheffield - home |
| | Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the use of computers to process written and spoken language for some practical, useful, purpose: to translate languages, to get information from the web on text data banks so as to answer questions, to carry on conversations with machines, so as to get advice about, say, pensions and so on. | | | The Natural Language Processing Research Group is within the Department of Computer Science at the University of Sheffield. | | | Natural Language Processing (NLP) is both a modern computational technology |
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http://nlp.shef.ac.uk
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| | Natural Language Principles in Perl |
| | The lesson for a language designer is that a language should be optimized for expressive power rather than for ease of learning. | | | The best artificial languages are collaborations--even with a language like Perl where one person seems to be in charge of it. | | | Unfortunately, in the interests of orthogonality, many computer languages are designed so that every degree of freedom (dimension) is available everywhere. |
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http://www.wall.org/~larry/natural.html
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| | China - Natural Language Computing - Home |
| | Natural Language Computing group apply a statistical learning approach to acquire language knowledge. | | | We are also interested in other topics relevant to machine-aided translation, such as the sentence similarity computing algorithm, phrase segmentation in source language, and target language generation based on language models. | | | To overcome these difficulties, the Natural Language Computing (NLC) group at Microsoft Research Asia explores and researches advanced classical natural language processing (NLP) and statistical based NLP, machine translation, information retrieval and cross language information retrieval, Chinese and Japanese language processing, machine learning, and related fields.. |
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http://research.microsoft.com/nlc
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| | Natural Language Processing |
| | It's ironic that natural language, the symbol system that is easiest for humans to learn and use, is hardest for a computer to master. | | | The goal of the Natural Language Processing (NLP) group is to design and build software that will analyze, understand, and generate languages that humans use naturally, so that eventually you will be able to address your computer as though you were addressing another person. | | | Amalgam is a novel system developed in the Natural Language Processing group at Microsoft Research for sentence realization during natural language generation that employs machine learning techniques. |
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http://research.microsoft.com/nlp
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| | What is natural language? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary |
| | Probably the single most challenging problem in computer science is to develop computers that can understand natural languages. | | | Fourth-generation languages are the programming languages closest to natural languages. | | | Sections include: spoken and written language input, language analysis and understanding, spoken output technologies, document processing, and language resources. |
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http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/a/natural_language.html
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| | Natural Language Processing Lab home page |
| | Effective natural language interfaces will be an enabling technology for the mass exploitation of the benefits of computing. | | | Along with the Center for Speech and Language Processing, the members of the NLP Lab are committed to finding novel and efficient computational methods that rival human performance in natural language competency tasks. | | | In conjuction with the Center for Speech and Language Processing, the members of the NLP Lab are committed to finding novel and efficient computational methods that rival human performance in natural language competency tasks. |
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http://nlp.cs.jhu.edu/nlp
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| | Natural Language Computing: An English Grammar in Prolog |
| | Natural Language Computing: An English Grammar in Prolog | | | But if you would like a follow-the-dots approach to natural language processing, linguistic theory, artificial intelligence, machine translation, and expert systems, you will like this presentation. | | | This book, which perhaps should be subtitled start here, offers a hands-on approach to anyone who wishes to gain a perspective on natural language processing, the computational analysis of human language data. |
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http://www.nyu.edu/pages/linguistics/anlcbk.html
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| | Text Mining- Automated Analysis of Natural Language Texts White Paper |
| | Second, the resulting natural language text must be analyzed in order to understand its meaning and generate a machine response. | | | The task of speech recognition and natural language communication with computers can be split into two steps corresponding to different large research areas. | | | One of the traditional branches of Artificial Intelligence (AI), known as the field of natural language computer-human communication, is mainly devoted to automated processing of texts. |
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http://www.megaputer.com/tech/wp/tm.php3
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| | NATURAL LANGUAGE AND NATURAL SELECTION |
| | For example, even the artificial languages that are focussed on very narrow domains of content and that are not meant to be used in a natural on-line manner by people, such as computer languages or symbolic logic, show certain obvious parallels with aspects of human grammar. | | | While a grammar for an existing language cannot tolerate minor perturbations and still be a grammar for a language that a modern linguist would recognize, that does not mean that it cannot be a grammar at all. | | | Thus grammars for spoken languages must map propositional structures onto a serial channel, minimizing ambiguity in context, under the further constraints that the encoding and decoding be done rapidly, by creatures with limited short-term memories, according to a code that is shared by an entire community of potential communicants. |
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http://www.bbsonline.org/documents/a/00/00/04/99/bbs00000499-00/bbs.pinker.html
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| | AIC Natural Language Program |
| | Multimedia/Multimodal Interfaces, including Natural Language, led by David Martin: The aim of this group is to understand the optimal ways in which natural language can be incorporated into multimedia interfaces. | | | Research ranges from empirical studies of how pen-voice systems are used most effectively, to the implementation of synergistic multimodal interfaces incorporating handwritten, verbal and gestural input, to multimedia communication between a user and a society of software agents arranged in a distributed Open Agent Architecture. | | | The SRI AI Center Natural Language Program does research on natural language processing theory and applications. |
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http://www.ai.sri.com/natural-language
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| | ACM Queue - Natural programming languages and environments - An environment that works the way nonprogrammers expect is ... |
| | By "natural programming" we are aiming for the language and environment to work the way that nonprogrammers expect. | | | We argue that if the computer language were to enable people to express algorithms and data more like their natural expressions, the transformation effort would be reduced. | | | Thus, the Natural Programming approach is an application of the standard user-centered design process to the specific domain of programming languages and environments. |
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http://www.acmqueue.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=225
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| | Open Directory - Computers: Artificial Intelligence: Natural Language |
| | The Natural Language Software Registry - A "concise summary of the capabilities and sources of language processing software available to researchers. | | | Survey of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology - A 1996 high-level review of: spoken/written input, analysis and understanding, generation, speech output, discourse and dialogue, document processing, multiple languages and modes, transmission and storage, mathematical methods, other resources, how to evalate an NLP program. | | | Bibliography of Research in Natural Language Generation - A part of the Computer Science Bibliography Collection, providing references for papers published through 1994. |
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http://dmoz.org/Computers/Artificial_Intelligence/Natural_Language
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| | The Natural Language Processing Dictionary |
| | The language generated by a grammar is the set of all sentences that can be derived from the start symbol S of the grammar using the grammar rules. | | | A grammar is a formalism for describing the syntax of a language. | | | Syntax means the rules of language that primarily concern the form of phrases and sentences, as distinct from the substructure of words (see morphology) or the meaning of phrases and sentences in or out of context (see pragmatics and semantics). |
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http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~billw/nlpdict.html
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| | ISI's Natural Language Group |
| | Our faculty and staff are devoted to natural language processing research, with interests in statistical and symbolic models of language processing, parsing, ontology, creation by text mining, machine translation, natural language generation, text summarization, dialogue, discourse, question answering, and other topics: | | | USC/ICT's MRE Project is building large-scale virtual reality simulations that include virtual humans with realistic behaviors, and effective natural language communication between users and virtual humans provides challenging research problems. | | | Graduate students in the natural language group at USC/ISI are enrolled in a number of programs. |
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http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/nlp-at-isi.html
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| | Natural Language Processing |
| | This module is about computational techniques for handling natural language texts and documents. | | | Chapters 22 and 23 are the relevant ones, but the rest of the book will be useful to those wanting a comprehensive text on Artificial Intelligence. | | | We are interested in taking on research students in the areas of NLP + Information retrieval; NLP + hypermedia; language generation, discourse and agent modelling; applications in healthcare. |
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http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~alison/nl/details.html
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| | Natural Language Processing Laboratory |
| | The Natural Language Processing Laboratory is no longer active in the areas of sentence analysis, discourse analysis, corpus-driven text comprehension or information extraction. |
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http://www-nlp.cs.umass.edu
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| | Natural Language Processing |
| | Good Language Software - Natural Language Processing, Educational, Computer Assisted English Language Learning and Teaching software for IBM and compatible - DOS or WINDOWS. | | | Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Speech Recognition, Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing by Daniel Jurafsky and James Martin | | | Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics (by Marcel P. van Lohuizen) |
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http://www-a2k.is.tokushima-u.ac.jp/member/kita/NLP/nlp.html
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| | Natural Language Processing (NLP) at Cornell |
| | In contrast to most existing coreference resolution algorithms that employ hand-crafted heuristics and filters, we are interested in applying both supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques to the construction of robust and portable coreference systems. | | | We are developing methods for generating user-trainable information extraction systems-NLP systems that take as input an unrestricted text and "summarize" the text with respect to a prespecified topic or domain of interest. | | | Integrating Case-Based Learning and Cognitive Biases for Machine Learning of Natural Language. |
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http://www.cs.cornell.edu/Info/Projects/NLP
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| | The Alvey Natural Language Tools |
| | Briscoe, E. Carroll (1991) Generalised probabilistic LR parsing of natural language (corpora) with unification-based grammars. | | | Briscoe, E. Carroll (1993) "Generalised probabilistic LR parsing of natural language (corpora) with unification-based grammars." Computational Linguistics, 19(1). | | | University of Essex, Department of Language and Linguistics : Mr. |
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http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/Research/NL/anlt.html
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| | Statistical NLP / corpus-based computational linguistics resources |
| | A workbench for full-text retrieval from large corpora (with a query language and corpus indexing). | | | Promises a uniform query language for accessing corpora in all EU languages -- but isn't quite there yet. | | | Xerox has morphological analyzers and taggers for many languages. |
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http://www-nlp.stanford.edu/links/statnlp.html
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| | Translation Experts - Spanish translation French translation German translation translate translator dictionary |
| | We have been developing natural language translation software, dictionaries and a network of expert translators around the world for a number of years and have a long list of very satisfied customers worldwide. | | | Translation of words and phrases from one language to another with just a few keystrokes. | | | We manufacture a variety of translator and dictionary software for desktop computers and handheld devices. |
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http://www.tranexp.com
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| | Research in Natural Language Computing |
| | Three Books on the Natural Language Computing Project. | | | The Natural Language Computing Project at NYU has placed over two hundred images on line to illustrate: | | | We assume that the conceptual problems involved are answered by the theory of universal grammar of Noam Chomsky, and the technical problems are answered by non-procedural logical constraint-based languages like Prolog. |
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http://www.nyu.edu/pages/linguistics/ling.html
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| | Natural Language Processing on the Web |
| | CMU's Language Technologies Institute has projects such as Pangloss and DIPLOMAT. | | | Research in the School of Computer Studies: Natural Language | | | University of Stuttgart Institute for Natural Language Processing |
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http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ralf/pub/WWW/nlp.html
(69 words)
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| | iLoveLanguages - Your Guide to Languages on the Web |
| | Whether you're looking for online language lessons, translating dictionaries, native literature, translation services, software, language schools, or just a little information on a language you've heard about, iLoveLanguages probably has something to suit your needs. | | | The more than 2400 links at iLoveLanguages have been hand-reviewed to bring you the best language links the Web has to offer. | | | For more information about why we changed, check out the About page. |
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http://www.ilovelanguages.com
(414 words)
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| | Natural Language Processing |
| | The Alvey Natural Language Tools (morpho-analyzer, parsers, grammar, lexicon, grammar development environment. | | | HDRUG: A Graphical User Environment for Natural Language Processing in Prolog. | | | Survey of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology. |
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http://pgs.twi.tudelft.nl/~mpvl/nlp.html
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| | EasyAsk Enhances eCommerce Search Capabilities and Dynamic Online Merchandising; Leading Merchandisers Turn More ... |
| | According to Progress Software's senior vice president of corporate development and strategy, Jeffrey Stamen, "Progress acquired EasyAsk because it was the clear technology leader in natural language search with integrated data navigation. | | | -- Spelling Suggestions: Through the use of EasyAsk's advanced natural language query and sophisticated linguistics capabilities, eCommerce vendors can easily configure which spelling and word/phrase suggestions a customer sees, tied to the intent of their question, rather than just correcting mistakes or delivering failed results. | | | The Progress EasyAsk Division provides natural language question/answer solutions that empower non-technical users to quickly find and retrieve critical business information. |
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http://www.forbes.com/businesswire/feeds/businesswire/2005/08/02/businesswire20050802005520r1.html
(1164 words)
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| | Allen 1995: Natural Language Understanding - Contents |
| | C.5 Speech Recognition and Natural Language Understanding 623 | | | APPENDIX C - Speech Recognition and Spoken Language | | | Appendix C - Speech Recognition and Spoken Language |
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http://www.uni-giessen.de/~g91062/Seminare/gk-cl/Allen95/al1995co.htm
(428 words)
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| | Natural Language Toolkit |
| | students who are learning NLP (natural language processing) or conducting research in NLP or closely related areas, including empirical linguistics, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, information retrieval, and machine learning. | | | Visit OpenNLP, the organizational center for open source projects related to natural language processing. | | | NLTK, the Natural Language Toolkit, is a suite of Python libraries and programs for symbolic and statistical natural language processing. |
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http://nltk.sourceforge.net
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| | IBM Research IBM Research Natural Language Processing |
| | We work on theoretical issues of computational linguistics and develop technologies such as speech processing, machine translation, universal and application-specific dialog engines, information retrieval, text mining and hypertext databases, automatic text summarization, natural language understanding and generation, to mention just a few. | | | One key goal is to provide advanced NLP software for multiple languages and modalities exploited in business applications. | | | Natural Language Processing at IBM is a dynamic research area spanning a wide range of topics vital for the development of cutting-edge applications of language engineering. |
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http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/research.nsf/pages/r.nlp.html
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| | WebHome - NatsWiki |
| | and dedicated to the design and realization of software systems for knowledge based natural language processing. | | | Natural Language Systems, Department of Informatics, University of Hamburg | | | Moreover, fundamental research is conducted into central issues of speech and language processing which are crucial for the deployment of human language technology in day-to-day settings. |
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http://nats-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de
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| | CMU/Language Technologies Institute:About |
| | It is designed for information retrieval, question answering, and other human language technologies research, development, and education. | | | The new release includes parsing support for UTF-8 multilingual documents; retrieval methods for structured documents; support for inline and offset annotations, metadata, and document attributes; and query language extensions that enable users and applications to specify complex constraints. | | | Lemur is a scalable search engine that runs under Windows XP, Linux, and Solaris. |
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http://www.lti.cs.cmu.edu
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| | Loebner Prize Home Page |
| | This field is generally known as natural language processing (NLP). | | | Among his many accomplishments was basic research in computing science. | | | Any survey of NLP literature will reveal the importance of Alan Turing's test. |
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http://www.loebner.net/Prizef/loebner-prize.html
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| | The START Natural Language Question Answering System |
| | Welcome to the START Natural Language Question Answering System for Intelligent Information Access... | | | START, the world's first Web-based question answering system, has been on-line and continuously operating since December, 1993. | | | What languages are spoken in the most populous country in Africa? |
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http://start.csail.mit.edu
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| | Lingsoft - Language Sense |
| | Lingsoft offers solutions for language processing and comprehension in the modern, multilingual world. | | | Lingsoft and Neoxen to integrate Language Processing with Document Management | | | Lingsoft and Imagetalk generate synergy with ownership arrangement |
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http://www.lingsoft.fi
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| | Natural Language Engineering |
| | Natural Language Engineering meets the needs of professionals and researchers working in all areas of computerised language processing, whether from the perspective of theoretical or descriptive linguistics, lexicology, computer science or engineering. | | | Its aim is to bridge the gap between traditional computational linguistics research and the implementation of practical applications with potential real-world use. | | | Take part in our survey and you could win a personal subscription to British Journal of Political Science plus £150 worth of Cambridge politics books. |
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http://www.cambridge.org/uk/journals/journal_catalogue.asp?mnemonic=nle
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| | Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) |
| | Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI) and the Department of Linguistics at Stanford University. | | | This page provides information about activities related to the grammatical framework of Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar ( | | | A bibliography of recent research done by members of the |
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http://hpsg.stanford.edu
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| | Columbia Natural Language Processing Group |
| | Newsblaster, Columbia News Tracking and Summarizing tool, provides automatically generated summaries of the main news articles every day. | | | To read about our group and our research interests, you can see the Overview. | | | Welcome to the Columbia Natural Language Processing Group home page! |
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http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/nlp
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| | Eugene Charniak's Home Page |
| | His research has always been in the area of language understanding or technologies which relate to it, such as knowledge representation, reasoning under uncertainty, and learning. | | | Symbolic, Connectionist, and Statistical Approaches to Learning for Natural Language Processing | | | Over the last few years he has been interested in statistical techniques for language understanding. |
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http://www.cs.brown.edu/people/ec
(563 words)
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| | Pandorabots - A Multilingual Chatbot Hosting Service |
| | Check out the language pull-down next to the Pandorabots Logo (Tip: clicking on the logo itself always takes you back to the home page) to see the currently available languages. | | | [February 17th] You can now select from 47 different voices in 10 languages for your Oddcast VHost chatbot. | | | You've probably noticed by now the new look to the site. |
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http://www.pandorabots.com
(960 words)
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| | Bibliography of Research in Natural Language Generation |
| | You may use Lucene syntax, available fields are: | | | This is Mark Kantrowitz's BibTeX bibliography of research in natural language generation. | | | Mark Kantrowitz, "Bibliography of Research in Natural Language Generation", Techical Report CMU-CS-93-216, Carnegie Mellon University, November 1993. |
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http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Ai/nlg.html
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