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| | Programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | A programming language is a stylized communication technique intended to be used for controlling the behaviour of a machine (often a computer). | | | For instance, a programming language differs from natural languages in that natural languages are used for interaction between people, while programming languages are used for communication from people to machines (this rules out languages used for computer to computer interaction). | | | For instance, a programming language is a language used to write programs. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language
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| | What is programming language? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary |
| | The choice of which language to use depends on the type of computer the program is to run on, what sort of program it is, and the expertise of the programmer. | | | High-level programming languages, while simple compared to human languages, are more complex than the languages the computer actually understands, called machine languages. | | | Regardless of what language you use, you eventually need to convert your program into machine language so that the computer can understand it. |
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http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/programming_language.html
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| | Programming Language and Compiler Research Groups |
| | Leda is a multiparadigm programming language that supports imperative programming, object-oriented programming, logic programming, and functional programming. | | | Facile is a high-level, higher-order programming language for systems that require a combination of complex data manipulation and concurrent and distributed computing. | | | Programming logics and the Martin-Löf theory of types; functional programming languages, their use and implementation; process calculi such as CCS; developing tools and methodologies for deriving correct as well as efficient programs. |
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http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/mleone/web/language/projects.html
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| | Programming Language Popularity |
| | The Economics of Programming Languages, "network effects", and thus the popularity of a given language are important, but by no means the only consideration when choosing a language - after all, Ferraris are a lot less popular than Fords. | | | Beyond the overall ranking, it is also possible to see whether a language is more used (jobs) or promoted (ads), and also whether it is used for open source projects, where presumably the participants have chosen a language because they feel it is truly the best choice, rather than dictated by management or commercial needs. | | | Naturally, "windows" and "unix" do not show up as languages on freshmeat so they are not considered here. |
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http://www.dedasys.com/articles/language_popularity.html
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| | The Java Programming Language Third Edition |
| | Programming Language is a valuable resource for both novice and advanced programmers. | | | Programming Language, Fourth Edition, is the definitive tutorial introduction to the Java language and essential libraries and an indispensible reference for all programmers, including those with extensive experience. | | | James Gosling is a Fellow and Vice President at Sun Microsystems, the creator of the Java programming language, and one of the computer industry's most noted programmers. |
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http://java.sun.com/docs/books/javaprog
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| | The Scheme Programming Language |
| | PLT Scheme is an umbrella name for a family of implementations of the Scheme programming language. | | | Scheme is also the first programming language to support hygienic macros, which permit the syntax of a block-structured language to be extended reliably. | | | Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs is the text book used in the introductory programming course here at MIT. |
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http://www.swiss.ai.mit.edu/projects/scheme
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| | The ALGOL Programming Language |
| | ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language) is one of several high level languages designed specifically for programming scientific computations. | | | The best sources for information regarding the programming language ALGOL are textbooks which outline the history of the language. | | | Its use in commercial applications was hindered by the absence of standard input/output facilities in its description and the lack of interest in the language by large computer vendors. |
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http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis400/algol/algol.html
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| | The Goedel Programming Language |
| | Gödel is a declarative, general-purpose programming language in the family of logic programming languages. | | | There has always been a large gap between the theory of logic programming (as in "Foundations of Logic Programming", for example) and the much more complex and unsatisfactory semantics of practical logic programming languages, such as Prolog. | | | It also has a flexible computation rule and a pruning operator which generalises the commit of the concurrent logic programming languages. |
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http://www.cs.bris.ac.uk/~bowers/goedel.html
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| | The Logo Programming Language |
| | The Logo Programming Language, a dialect of Lisp, was designed as a tool for learning. | | | Programming in Logo is done by adding to its vocabulary, teaching it new words in terms of words it already knows. | | | Many programming languages are pretty strict about wanting to know exactly what kind of data you claim to be using. |
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http://el.media.mit.edu/logo-foundation/logo/programming.html
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| | The Unlambda Programming Language |
| | Intercal remains the archetype of the Obfuscated Programming Language. | | | fixed point theorems in logic, such a program exists in any Turing-complete language in which printing an arbitrary string is possible (by a computable program of the string — a technical criterion which is satisfied in all programming languages in existence). | | | If the underlying language does not have first-class functions, then they must be emulated by means of data structures (indeed, the only “variable” part in a first-class function is its closure, and that can be represented by a data structure, since the code is always the same). |
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http://www.madore.org/~david/programs/unlambda
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| | Programming Language Comparison |
| | Thus, while object-oriented languages strive to remain at a fairly high level of abstraction, to be suitable for systems programming a language must provide such features or relegate such low-level tasks to a language with which it can interact. | | | C++ is considered to be a multi-paradigm language, of which one paradigm it supports is Object-Orientation. | | | Nearly every language to come along since C was first introduced provides such integration with C. This allows high level languages to remain free of the low level constructs that make C great for systems programming, but add much complexity. |
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http://www.jvoegele.com/software/langcomp.html
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| | Popular Programming Language Timelines Tutorials Extensions |
| | Assembly language is very flexible and powerful; anything that the hardware of the computer is capable of doing can be done in assembly. | | | A high-level programming language from Microsoft that's graphically oriented and relatively easy to learn, Visual Basic can be used to create everything from simple database applications to commercial software packages. | | | Until the early 1980s, although compilers existed for a variety of machine architectures and operating systems, the language was almost exclusively associated with Unix; more recently, its use has spread much more widely, and today it is among the languages most commonly used throughout the computer industry. |
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http://home.cfl.rr.com/eaa/Languages.htm
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| | The Miranda Programming Language |
| | Miranda was the successor of the functional languages SASL and KRC. | | | This is also known as lazy evaluation, and the main advantage of using this method is that it allows for passing infinite element data structures to a function. | | | Pure functional languages perform all computation using function application. |
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http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis400/miranda/miranda.html
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| | JetBrains onBoard Online Magazine :: Language Oriented Programming: The Next Programming Paradigm |
| | It is not yet fully formed—different parts have different names: Intentional programming, MDA, generative programming, etc. I suggest uniting all of these new approaches under one name, ‘language-oriented programming’, and this article explains the main principles of this new programming paradigm. | | | First I will show what is wrong with mainstream programming today, then I'll explain the concept of LOP by using the example of my existing implementation, the Meta Programming System (MPS). | | | Alternatively, we could use domain-specific languages (DSLs, aka ‘little languages’), which are tailored to be highly productive in a specific problem domain, such as SQL for writing database queries. |
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http://www.onboard.jetbrains.com/articles/04/10/lop
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| | Gentee Free Programming Language |
| | Gentee is an easy-to-master programming language, but at the same time its capabilities would not limit your demands in the future, and its syntax would not require anything unnecessary. | | | Linux version 2.0 of Gentee programming language is released. | | | Ready to use a friendly, easy and free programming language for creation of own software. |
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http://www.gentee.com
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| | Wouter's programming language page |
| | A string based language whose sole purpose is to be able to be implemented in as few lines of code as possible, while still being a "complete" programming language usable by average programmers. | | | COW is another "environment" language like Bla, but is much more radical in unifying all possible programming language constructs into one (the environment). | | | PIG is an "anti-functional programming language", an experiment to see how far one can get in a language which only has global state (in the form of stacks) and argument-less functions. |
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http://wouter.fov120.com/proglang
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| | Review of existing Languages |
| | being efficient as an interpreted language, it may serve as a shell language as well as a programming language; being powerful, and easy to specialize via standard libraries, it also replaces small utility languages (sed, awk, perl, etc); finally, being high-level and knowing of relations between objects, it is easily adaptated to an AI language. | | | Just any program can be made a first-class object in Scheme: it has maximal positive expressiveness. | | | So there is no more need to learn a different language for every application; the same language is used for (almost) everything; no more need to learn new syntaxes each time. |
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http://tunes.org/Review/Languages.html
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| | The SR Programming Language |
| | SR has also been used as a tool in several masters theses and doctoral dissertations to conduct experiments in parallel and distributed programming and to implement larger systems such as a system for mixed language programming, one for distributed implementation of graph algorithms, experiments with load balancing algorithms, and experiments with upcall program structures. | | | It has been used in concurrent programming courses to reinforce concepts with small programming projects and with larger projects such as experiments with parallel algorithms, replicated databases, distributed simulations, and parts of distributed operating systems such as file systems and command interpreters. | | | SR has been used at a number of universities and labs for course work and research projects involving concurrent programming. |
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http://www.cs.arizona.edu/sr
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| | The Euphoria Programming Language |
| | This program is still in development and is evolving rapidly, it is entirely free with full source code and detailed information on the website. | | | ParticleDraw is a novel Windows drawing program powered by a state of the art general system simulation engine. | | | - a programming language that's powerful, easy to learn, and a lot more fun than other languages. |
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http://www.rapideuphoria.com
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| | Welcome to ERights.Org |
| | language provides a convenient and familiar notation for the ELib computational model, so you can program in one model rather than two. | | | language are only able to interact with other objects according to ELib's semantics, enabling object granularity intra-process security, including the ability to safely run untrusted mobile code (such as caplets). | | | As a pure-Java library, ELib provides for inter-process capability-secure distributed programming. |
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http://www.erights.org
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| | How do Klingons compute? |
| | This page is sort of a speculative glance at what a programming language on a Klingon computer system would look like. | | | The language itself is named var'aq, which happens to be meaningless in standard Klingon but sounds like it might be named after some famous Klingon computer scientist or mathematician. | | | It doesn't function interactively or support Klingon keywords (yet), but it does include a program to generate digits in pi. |
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http://www.geocities.com/connorbd/varaq
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| | Amazon.com: The C++ Programming Language (3rd Edition): Books: Bjarne Stroustrup |
| | The problem with _The C++ Programming Language_ is that it will tell you almost everything you ever wanted to know about C++ and many things that you do not want to know about C++. | | | The author invented the language and then stayed close to the standardization and innovation process for the duration, always maintaining a careful vigilance over the evolution of his brainchild. | | | As the inventor of the C++ language itself, Stroustrup is the closest person to the actual syntax, and short of reading the ISO spec, you simply won't find a more comprehensive tome on the subject. |
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http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0201889544?v=glance
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| | [No title] |
| | In object-oriented languages, it is possible to add a new class to an existing class hierarchy. | | | Many repetitive programming tasks can be avoided by using Nice's advanced features. | | | Nice detects more errors during compilation than existing object-oriented languages (null pointer accesses, casts exceptions). |
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http://nice.sourceforge.net
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| | Leda Project, Timothy Budd, Oregon State University |
| | The idea of a multiparadigm language is to provide a framework in which programmers can work in a variety of styles, freely intermixing constructs from different paradigms. | | | The techniques supported by Leda include imparative programming, the object-oriented approach, logic programming, and functional programming. | | | Sample chapters from this forthcoming book are available on-line; these include an introduction to the Leda language and a formal description of the Leda grammar. |
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http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~budd/leda.html
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| | AFNIX programming language home page |
| | AFNIX is a multi-threaded functional programming language with dynamic symbol bindings that support the object oriented paradigm. | | | AFNIX 1.2.0 is on its way and should be available by the end of february. | | | AFNIX has a rich syntax which make the functional programming a pleasant activity. |
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http://www.afnix.org
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| | PLNews: Programming Language News |
| | The conference aims to bring together users of R, a "language and environment for statistical computing and graphics". | | | News, articles, announcements and information focusing on computer programming languages. | | | The 2006 ACM SIGPLAN Workshop on Programming Languages and Analysis for Security has put out a final call for papers. |
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http://tacojuice.org/plnews
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| | R Statistical Programming Language |
| | Beginning in 1976, the S programming language was developed at Bell Labs by John Chambers and others. | | | William N. Venables, Notes on S-PLUS: A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics, The University of Adelaide, vers 2.1, July 1992. | | | S-Plus is Mathsoft’s commercial implementation of S, and the only way the language is available outside Lucent. |
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http://www.gsm.uci.edu/~joelwest/Statistics/R.html
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| | The TOM Programming Language |
| | Contemporary object-oriented programming languages employ the class as the unit of reuse. | | | Using a class is no longer a binary choice: the user can be almost satisfied by it and adjust it to his needs. | | | And you can severely update the classes in your library, e.g., add instance variables or replace methods, without requiring recompilation of any program using it, or requiring a non-backward-compatible version change of your shared library. |
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http://gerbil.org/tom
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| | Open Directory - Computers: Programming: Languages |
| | An Introduction to Programming Languages - A page for people who know one language and are wondering about learning another. | | | PLNews: Programming Language News - News, articles, announcements and information focusing on programming languages. | | | The Retrocomputing Museum - Dedicated to programs that induce sensations that hover somewhere between nostalgia and nausea.The freaks, jokes, and fossils of computing history. |
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http://dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages
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| | Programmingtutorials.com - Free Online Programming Tutorials |
| | You will find tutorials and lessons on most languages you want to learn how to program with here. | | | We want to develop a thriving community of programmers and those who want to learn to program with our forums. | | | You will find over 300 programming language tutorials, lessons, and how-to's. |
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http://www.programmingtutorials.com
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| | The C Programming Language |
| | Swedish: The C Programming Language, Computer Press Förlags, ISBN 91-970296-45; more recently, bundled with The C Answer Book as ISBN 0-13-028277-4. | | | Japanese: Programming Language C, Kyoritsu Shuppan, ISBN 4-320-02483-4 | | | Here is a list of errata in the published version; many of these are corrected in recent printings. |
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http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/cbook
(621 words)
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| | Coding4Fun: Kid's Programming Language |
| | This particular sample game, as functional as it is, is a KPL program of only 210 lines of code. | | | KPL lets kids see eye-catching and immediate results from their programs, while teaching them fundamental concepts like variables, data types, loops, decision structures, methods and functions. | | | Helping kids code games, and showing them immediate graphical results from their coding—these are great ways to get them and keep them excited and interested in coding. |
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http://msdn.microsoft.com/coding4fun/coolapplications/KPL/default.aspx
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| | GCC Frontend for Shakespeare Programming Language |
| | According to the Authors, the language has the expressiveness of BASIC and the user friendliness of assembly language. | | | For more information you are requested to visit the home page of Shakespeare Programming Language. | | | Any queries regarding the front end can be send to Sreejith K Menon (sreejithkmenon@yahoo.com). |
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http://people.csa.iisc.ernet.in/sreejith/frontends/spl
(276 words)
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| | Digital Mars - The D Programming Language |
| | This is the reference document for the D programming language. | | | "It seems to me that most of the "new" programming languages fall into one of two categories: Those from academia with radical new paradigms and those from large corporations with a focus on RAD and the web. | | | Maybe it's time for a new language born out of practical experience implementing compilers." -- Michael |
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http://www.digitalmars.com/d
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| | Art of Assembly Language Programming and HLA by Randall Hyde |
| | Whenever someone tells you that you should learn assembly language in order to learn how to write better high level code, what they're really telling you is to learn machine organization. | | | This book explains how compilers generate machine code from high-level language statements, so that you can choose the most appropriate high-level statements to efficiently solve the problem at hand. | | | "The Art of Assembly Language Programming" is the highly acclaimed text recommended by hundreds of web sites and advanced programmers to those who want to learn x86 assembly programming. |
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http://webster.cs.ucr.edu
(661 words)
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| | PC AI - Forth Programming Language |
| | A number of Forth's features (such as its interactive style) make it a useful language for AI programming, and devoted adherents have developed Forth-based expert systems and neural networks. | | | Overview: Charles Moore created Forth in the 1960s and 1970s to give computers real-time control over astronomical equipment. | | | These are the stack-based postfix languages, usually interpreted, descended from the FORTH language. |
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http://www.pcai.com/web/ai_info/pcai_forth.html
(303 words)
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| | The Language List |
| | Now a web site, our intention remains the same -- to become one of the most complete sources of information on computer programming languages ever assembled (or compiled :-). | | | If you know about a language that should be added, please share your knowledge. | | | Early versions of this list were posted to comp.lang.misc beginning in 1991. |
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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Extras/langlist.htm
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| | Programming in C |
| | How to Divide a Program between Several Files |
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http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/C/CE.html
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| | The XPL Programming Language |
| | Digital Equipment PDP-10 (DECUS program 10-291) and DECSystem-20 (DECUS program 20-122) from the PDP-10 Software Archives. | | | Ancona, Massimo, Dodero, Gabriella, and Durante, Ercole Luigi "Cross software development for microprocessors using a translator writing system" | | | XPL is the name of both the programming language and the compiler generator system (or TWS: translator writing system) based on the language. |
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http://www.cs.toronto.edu/XPL
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| | Programming Language Filters |
| | hgrind is a program based on vgrind that processes program listings into HTML. | | | Literate programming, CASE and program development tools etc | | | c2html takes a C program and produces html with function calls linked to their instantiations. |
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http://www.w3.org/Tools/Prog_lang_filters.html
(659 words)
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| | The AWK Programming Language |
| | Japanese: Programming Language AWK, Kyoritsu Shuppan, ISBN 4-8101-8008-5. | | | Examples from The AWK Programming Language by Aho, Kernighan, and Weinberger as text (120Kb) or zipped (30Kb). | | | Alternative books that contain significant amounts of AWK include Effective AWK Programming, 3rd edition by Arnold Robbins (O'Reilly, 2001, ISBN 0-596-00070-7), and Sed & Awk, 2nd edition by Dale Dougherty and Arnold Robbins (O'Reilly, 1997, ISBN 1-56592-225-5). |
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http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/awkbook
(166 words)
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| | The Perl Directory - perl.org |
| | Perl is a stable, cross platform programming language. | | | It is used for mission critical projects in the public and private sectors and is widely used to program web applications of all needs. |
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http://www.perl.org
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