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| | Encoding |
 | | The challenge of encoding a scene referred standard is finding an efficient representation that covers the full range of color values in which we are interested. | | | To encompass a large range of values when the adaptation luminance is unknown, we really need an encoding with a constant or nearly constant relative error. | | | One of the first groups to arrive at a standard for HDR image encoding was the Computer Graphics Division of Lucasfilm, which branched off in the mid-80’s to become Pixar. |
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http://www.anyhere.com/gward/hdrenc/hdr_encodings.html
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| | Densely Packed Decimal encoding |
| | The positioning and choice of the indicator bits allow all single-digit numbers (indeed, all numbers in the range 0 through 79) to have the same right-aligned encoding as in BCD. | | | The encodings for one or two decimal digits are right-aligned in the ten bits (the remaining bits being 0). | | | In contrast, Chen-Ho encoding requires that the compressed representation be a multiple of 10 bits and hence that the number of decimal digits always be a multiple of three. |
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http://www2.hursley.ibm.com/decimal/DPDecimal.html
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| | encoding : Java Glossary |
| | Supplementary characters, (above 0xffff), are represented in the form of surrogate pairs (a pair of encoded 16 bit characters in a special range), rather than directly encoding the character. | | | Mainly it is missing all the new Windows and IBM proprietary encodings. | | | You are always encoding String to byte[] or decoding byte[] to String. |
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http://mindprod.com/jgloss/encoding.html
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| | Range encoding -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article |
| | Arithmetic coding can be thought of as a form of range encoding with the range starting at zero and extending to one. | | | The central concept behind range encoding is this: given a large-enough range of (Any of the natural numbers (positive or negative) or zero) integers, and a probability estimation for the symbols, the initial range can easily be divided into sub-ranges whose sizes are proportional to the probability of the symbol they represent. | | | Range encoding is a (Click link for more info and facts about data compression) data compression method that is believed to approach the compression ratio of (Click link for more info and facts about arithmetic coding) arithmetic coding, without the (An official document granting a right or privilege) patent issues of arithmetic coding. |
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http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/r/ra/range_encoding.htm
(687 words)
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| | Encoding |
| | These characters are all within the base ASCII range and therefore should be in every encoding you might want to use. | | | The encoding is part of the physical structure of the file rather than the logical structure. | | | That is, at the level of the encoding of the *file* the numeric character references are interpreted as the characters "and", "#", "x", etc., not the (abstract) character they represent in XML land. |
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http://www.dpawson.co.uk/xsl/sect2/N3353.html
(687 words)
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| | Output encoding |
| | Changing the output encoding of the chunking stylesheet is much easier. | | | output encoding, this means one native character is replaced by the 8 ASCII characters that form the named entity, which makes your files considerably larger. | | | See the section “Output encoding for chunk HTML” for more information. |
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http://www.sagehill.net/docbookxsl/OutputEncoding.html
(687 words)
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| | Character encoding |
| | This table assumes a big-endian encoding of UCS-2: the endianness is in principle not defined, so there are two versions of UCS-2. | | | Unicode solves the problem of encoding by assigning unique numbers to every character that is used anywhere in the world. | | | So, we see that the UCS-2 encoding results in a doubling of file sizes for files that contain only English text. |
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http://gedcom-parse.sourceforge.net/doc/encoding.html
(687 words)
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| | OSS Nokalva - Encoding Rules |
| | Different encoding rules can be applied to a given ASN.1 definition. | | | PER is more recent than the above sets of encoding rules and is noted for its efficient algorithms that result in faster and more compact encodings than BER. | | | CER is rarely used, as the industry has locked onto DER as the preferred means of encoding values for use in secure exchanges. |
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http://www.oss.com/asn1/rules.html
(687 words)
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| | Digital TV Group Reference Tutorial MPEG Encoding |
| | Roughly speaking, a profile is a sub-set, suitable for a particular application, of the full possible range of algorithmic tools, and a level is a defined range of parameter values (such as picture size for instance) that are reasonable to implement and practically useful. | | | MPEG first aim was to define a video coding algorithm for application on 'digital storage media', in particular for CD-ROM. | | | Instead MPEG has followed a 'tool-kit' approach in which an extensive get of algorithmic 'tools' are defined. |
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http://www.dtg.org.uk/reference/tutorial_mpeg.html
(687 words)
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| | [Ping] Japanese text encoding |
| | You might notice that the encoding range excludes $9f to $fc for the second byte when the first byte is $ef. | | | The figure shows the encoding ranges for JIS: the first byte will land either from $81 to $9f or from $e0 to $ef, and the second byte will land either from $40 to $7e or from $80 to $fc. | | | The text itself between the escape sequences consists of pairs of plain 7-bit bytes in the printable range from $21 to $7e, simply formed by splitting apart the JIS value into two bytes, also known as "raw JIS". |
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http://lfw.org/text/jp.html
(978 words)
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| | Cover Pages: Academic Applications |
| | The TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) has developed an SGML encoding for a wide range of document types in the domain of humanities computing. | | | The Text Encoding Initiative is an international research project sponsored by the Association for Computing in the Humanities (ACH), the Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing (ALLC), and the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL). | | | The texts cover a huge range of genres and topics, and represent an unparalleled resource for the study of women's writing and history, and of English literature generally." Features of the system include: "(1) The texts are richly encoded in SGML, using the full TEI Guidelines. |
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http://xml.coverpages.org/acadapps.html
(12232 words)
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| | encoding.php |
| | To overcome this limitation, several binary encoding methods have been devised to allow posting of binary materials to the Usenet. | | | Binary files like anime episodes containa wider range of data, so that data has to be transformed into text before posting it to Usenet. | | | Originating on UNIX systems (thus the UU means Unix-to-Unix), it is used by users who wish to send binary data to others who are using software that's not capable of processing binary code. |
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http://abma.x-maru.org/faq/annotated/encoding.php
(2106 words)
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| | cjk.inf-062995 |
| | The encoding used on Macintosh is quite similar, but has a shortened two-byte range (0xA1A1 through 0xFCFE) plus additional one-byte code points, namely 0x80 ("u" with dieresis), 0xFD ("copyright" symbol: "c" in a circle), 0xFE ("trademark" symbol: "TM" as a superscript), and 0xFF ("ellipsis" symbol: three dots). | | | The encoding used on Macintosh is quite similar, but has a shortened two-byte range (0xA1A1 through 0xFDFE) plus additional one-byte code points, namely 0x81 ("won" symbol), 0x82 (hyphen), 0x83 ("copyright" symbol: "c" in a circle), 0xFE ("trademark" symbol: "TM" as a superscript), and 0xFF ("ellipsis" symbol: three dots). | | | 3.3.15: IBM DBCS-PC IBM's DBCS-PC encoding is used on IBM personal computers (that is where the "PC" comes from). |
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http://ftp.ora.com/cjkvinfo/doc/cjk.inf-062995
(2106 words)
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| | rfc2397.txt |
| | Without ";base64", the data (as a sequence of octets) is represented using ASCII encoding for octets inside the range of safe URL characters and using the standard %xx hex encoding of URLs for octets outside that range. | | | A URL of the form: data:application/vnd-xxx- query,select_vcount,fcol_from_fieldtable/local could then be used in a local application to launch the "helper" for application/vnd-xxx-query and give it the immediate data included. | | | Some versions of the data URL scheme have been used in the definition of VRML, and a version has appeared as part of a proposal for embedded data in HTML. |
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http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2397.txt
(2106 words)
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| | [Ping] Japanese text encoding |
| | So the solution is to use an encoding scheme to send each value as two bytes. | | | Because the data itself matches the original JIS character numbers, the ISO-2022-JP encoding method is also known as "JIS encoding" (not to be confused with the "JIS character set"!). | | | The JIS values get all rearranged in order to reserve the range $a0 to $df for a set of 64 half-width katakana; to accomplish this, the characters are squashed into half as many columns (values for the first byte) but twice as many rows (values for the second byte). |
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http://lfw.org/text/jp.html
(2106 words)
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| | MPEG Audio |
| | This is different from variable bit-rate encoding, because a fixed number of bits are allocated—they just are shifted to where they are needed most. | | | MPEG encoders rely on the resolution used in the uncompressed audio file to set the range of resolution that will be used for the encoded file. | | | MPEG standards for digital audio cover encoding of audio, either by itself or as the audio component of a multimedia file or stream. |
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http://www.teamcombooks.com/mp3handbook/13.htm
(2106 words)
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| | HTML Unleashed. Internationalizing HTML: Character Encoding Standards - webreference.com |
| | As explained in Chapter 3, "SGML and the HTML DTD," a character encoding (often called character set or, more precisely, coded character set) is defined---first, by the numerical range of codes; second, by the repertoire of characters; and third, by a mapping between these two sets. | | | This is the most ubiquitous encoding standard used on the overwhelming majority of computers worldwide (either by itself or as a part of other encodings, as you'll see shortly). | | | For example, as many as three encodings for the Cyrillic alphabet are now widely used in Russia, one being left over from the days of MS-DOS, the second native to Microsoft Windows, and the third being popular in the UNIX community and on the Internet. |
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http://www.webreference.com/dlab/books/html/39-1.html
(2424 words)
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| | rfc1522.txt |
| | The "Q" encoding allows a wide range of printable characters to be used in non-critical locations in the message header (e.g., Subject), with Moore [Page 4] =0C RFC 1522 MIME Part Two September 1993 fewer characters available for use in other locations. | | | Like the encoding techniques described in RFC 1521, the techniques outlined here were designed to allow the use of non-ASCII characters in message headers in a way which is unlikely to be disturbed by the quirks of existing Internet mail handling programs. | | | The "B" encoding The "B" encoding is identical to the "BASE64" encoding defined by RFC 1521. |
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http://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/ogonki/rfc1522.txt
(2424 words)
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| | [Ping] Text Encoding |
| | In the case of ASCII, we never have to worry about character encoding, because the range of those values is exactly the range of a 7-bit byte (from 0 to $7f). | | | In almost all situations, the goal of a character encoding is to map the numeric values of the characters on to a stream of 7-bit or 8-bit bytes, since that's how most transmission takes place. | | | A character encoding is a scheme for representing the numeric values in a character set for a particular mode of transmission. |
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http://lfw.org/text
(403 words)
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| | rootr.net : man : recode |
| | All other non-ASCII characters are encoded as multi-byte sequences consisting only of bytes in the range 128-253. | | | ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) The minimality of an `UTF-8' encoding is guaranteed on output, but currently, it is not checked on input. | | | The `UCS-2' encoding of UCS is a sequence of bigendian 16-bit words, the `UCS-4' encoding is a sequence of bigendian 32-bit words. |
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http://rootr.net/man/info/recode
(17422 words)
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| | Unicode Transformation Formats |
| | UTF-8 is a variable-length multibyte encoding which means that you cannot calculate the number of characters from the mere number of bytes and vice versa for memory allocation and that you have to allocate oversized buffers or parse and keep counters. | | | As the first and second byte of a double-byte character both use the same {=A1..=FE} range of values, you cannot easily tell the one from the other and recognize the character boundaries in the middle of a long stretch of 8bit bytes. | | | The binary representation of the character's integer value is thus simply spread across the bytes and the number of high bits set in the lead byte announces the number of bytes in the multibyte sequence: |
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http://czyborra.com/utf
(5676 words)
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| | Big5 - Chinese Character - Chinese |
| | For example, additional "graphical characters" (e.g., punctuation marks) would be expected to be placed in the 0xa3c0?0xa3fe range, and additional ideograms would be placed in either the 0xc6a1?0xc8fe or the 0xf9d6?0xfefe range. | | | Characters encoded in Big5 do not always represent things that can be readily used in plain text files; an example is "citation mark" (0xa1ca, ﹋), which is, when used, required to be typeset under the title of literary works. | | | For example, the Big5 code for a full-width space, which are the bytes 0xa1 0x40, is usually written as 0xa140 or just A140. |
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http://www.famouschinese.com/virtual/Big5
(951 words)
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| | The Text Encoding Initiative and the GENIA Corpus |
| | The talk first introduces the Text Encoding Initiative, an international effort established in 1987 under the joint sponsorship of the Association for Computers and the Humanities, the Association for Computational Linguistics, and the Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing. | | | Describes an encoded work so that the text itself, its source, its encoding, and its revisions are all thoroughly documented. | | | TEI is the only systematised attempt to develop a fully general text encoding model and set of encoding conventions based upon it. |
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http://nl.ijs.si/et/Talks/nii02/nii-talk.xml
(2116 words)
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| | 3 PL/SQL Datatypes |
| | encoding takes up 1, 2, or 3 bytes. | | | Every constant, variable, and parameter has a datatype (or type), which specifies a storage format, constraints, and valid range of values. | | | In both cases, you cannot use a symbolic constant or variable to specify the precision; you must use an integer literal in the range 0.. |
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http://www.stanford.edu/dept/itss/docs/oracle/10g/appdev.101/b10807/03_types.htm
(5181 words)
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| | More about Text in HTML |
| | The second range is earmarked for extended control characters, and is not used for encoding characters in HTML. | | | Unicode can be translated into sequences of 7 bit or 8 bit encodings that allow many current and old systems to interchange or transparently pass these documents without loss of content. | | | Current software uses 7 or 8 bit encoding of characters. |
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http://www.blooberry.com/indexdot/html/tagpages/text.htm
(5181 words)
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| | WWP Newsletter, Fall 1997: Grappling with Text Encoding on Your Own |
| | A collection of brief essays on a range of issues in electronic text theory, with a particular focus on the influence of hypermedia on conventional theories of textuality. | | | These issues include electronic scholarly editing, philosophical discussions of the nature of text, basic concepts of SGML, and an understanding of the role of text encoding standards, including familiarity with the Text Encoding Initiative and its Guidelines for Text Encoding and Interchange. | | | With the increasing sophistication of humanities scholars about electronic texts (and of the electronic text community about humanities issues), the work published in this area is becoming more and more intellectually compelling. |
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http://www.wwp.brown.edu/project/newsletter/vol03num02/grappling.html
(548 words)
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| | NEWS |
| | The Emacs internal multibyte encoding represents a non-ASCII character a sequence of bytes in the range 0200 through 0377. | | | ENCODING-CODING-SYSTEM) where DECODING-CODING-SYSTEM is used for decoding output from the subprocess, and ENCODING-CODING-SYSTEM is used for encoding input to the subprocess. | | | Emacs uses a single multibyte character encoding within Emacs buffers; it can translate from a wide variety of coding systems when reading a file and can translate back into any of these coding systems when saving a file. |
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http://www.ccd.bnl.gov/pub/SunOS56_x86/emacs-20.2/share/emacs/20.2/etc/NEWS
(548 words)
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| | Electronic Articles in Computer and Information Science |
| | The method is based on an inverted version of the encoding of Aït-Kaci et al. | | | General techniques for compact encoding of a hierarchy are presented that support the operations, and are flexible enough to allow incremental updates to the hierarchy. | | | Comparisons are made to an incremental version of the range compression scheme of Agrawal et al., where each class is assigned an interval, and relationships are based on containment in the interval. |
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http://www.ep.liu.se/ea/cis/2000/001
(548 words)
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| | Character Encoding |
| | The encoding scheme for the base documents has been informed by two considerations: | | | Following is the database of characters outside the ASCII range (whether encoded as ISO-8859-1 characters or as entities) which we recognize as valid within the base documents. | | | Following are the project-internal character encoding standards for the text documents in the Germanic Lexicon Project. |
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http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/aa_character_encoding.html
(596 words)
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| | Character Encoding |
| | UTF-8 is a variable-width encoding; characters numbered 0 to 0x7f (127) encode to themselves as a single byte, while characters with larger values are encoded into 2 to 6 bytes of information (depending on their value). | | | All UCS characters beyond 0x7f are encoded as a multibyte sequence consisting only of bytes in the range 0x80 to 0xfd. | | | All possible 2^31 UCS codes can be encoded using UTF-8. |
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http://www.nexus.odessa.ua/files/books/HOWTO/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/character-encoding.html
(1035 words)
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