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| | Readability - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Obfuscated language can be used to construct prose that appears to have meaning but which defies comprehension because the text is too ambiguous to cohere with any precision. | | | Readability Analyzer, an online tool for measuring the Flesch Reading Ease, Grade level, and Gunning-Fog Index of given text. | | | These generate a score based on sentence length, the number of syllables within words, and relative complexity of sentence structure. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readability
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| | Readability: Reading/Writing Tools for Measurement |
| | More interesting for those concerned with the measure of readability is the development of a computer program which counts propositions and compares lists of them. | | | Readability is more complex than counts of sentences or syllables can suggest. | | | First, they tell part but not all of the readability story, and second, all the factors listed here are measurable by computer. |
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http://jac.gsu.edu/jac/7/Articles/11.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | Readability tests can be performed manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or be referring to a chart or graph. | | | The very first readability study was a response to demands by junior high school science teachers to provide them with books which let them teach scientific facts and methods rather than get bogged down in teaching the science vocabulary necessary to understand the texts. | | | Now that readability scores are easy to obtain by using computerized grammar and style checking software programs, there is new pressure to adopt them. |
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http://www.plainlanguagenetwork.org/stephens/readability.html
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| | Lost in the Fine Print: Readability of Financial Privacy Notices |
| | Readability analyses of 60 financial privacy notices found that they are written at a 3rd-4th year college reading level, instead of the junior high school level that is recommended for materials written for the general public. | | | This means that the language used should be "reasonably understandable," a term which is not defined. | | | Note that readability software programs don't score higher than grade 17--first year graduate school. |
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http://www.privacyrights.org/ar/GLB-reading.htm
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| | Effects of Peer Review and Editing on the Readability [Peer review, July 13 JAMA. 1994;272:119-121] (c) AMA 1996 |
| | Using a computer program (RightWriter 4.0),[8] we compared readability scores of the original and final versions. | | | From March 1, 1992, to March 1, 1993, for all manuscripts of original research ultimately published in the journal, computer disks of the original submitted versions were obtained from the authors. | | | The Gunning fog index is scaled to reflect the years of education of a reader who can "easily read and comprehend the piece of writing." The Flesch reading ease index[6] is calculated as follows: reading ease score=206.835-[0.846x(number of syllables per 100 words)]-[1.015x(average number of words per sentence)]. |
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http://www.ama-assn.org/public/peer/7_13_94/pv3083x.htm
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| | Testing The Readability Of Web Page Colors |
| | Due to nature of the scale used for the category data, non-parametric statistics (Spearman's correlation coefficient) were used to evaluate the goodness of fit between the readability rating output by the algorithm based on the category number and the median subject ratings. | | | In summary, the results of this experiment demonstrated that despite the variability in individual ratings, the subjects' responses fit very well to the readability of colors predicted by the algorithm. | | | According to the algorithm this sample has a high readability value. |
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http://www.aprompt.ca/WebPageColors.html
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| | Past Issues - UI Design Newsletter |
| | In a more recent study, a group of researchers (D'Alessandro, et.al., 2001) conducted readability analyses of pediatric patient education materials on the Web, and concluded that the information was not written at an appropriate reading level for typical users. | | | By comparing the calculated readability of a document to the reading skill level of typical users, a writer can estimate whether a document has a good chance of being read and understood. | | | Readability formulas do not provide information about how to make instructions more comprehensible. |
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http://www.humanfactors.com/downloads/jun02.asp
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| | HTML E-Mail: Text Font Readability Study |
| | While Georgia seemed to be substantially more readable than Times New Roman, the number of users that did not have Georgia font installed on their computer seemed to be significant at 15%. | | | Another font that Microsoft developed to increase screen readability is Verdana, and it seems to be much more widespread among computer users, even Mac users, than Georgia. | | | The fact that only 4% couldn't distinguish between the two indicated that both fonts are widely installed on computers. |
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http://www.wilsonweb.com/wmt6/html-email-fonts.htm
(995 words)
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| | Readability formulas |
| | Recent advances in discourse processing and computational linguistics afford more advanced measures of readability due to more precise predictions of which text characteristics improve comprehension and learning. | | | Although it must be noted that a text should generally have more than 200 words before the Flesch Reading Ease and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level scores can successfully be applied, the conclusion is the same. | | | Average sentence length and average number of syllables per word alone cannot sufficiently predict coherence and therefore understanding of a text. |
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http://csep.psyc.memphis.edu/cohmetrix/readabilityresearch.htm
(687 words)
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| | Juicy Studio: Readability Test |
| | Gunning Fog, Flesch Reading Ease, and Flesch-Kincaid are reading level algorithms that can be helpful in determining how readable your content is. Reading level algorithms only provide a rough guide, as they tend to reward short sentences made up of short words. | | | If you've ever come unstuck trying to markup an absurdly complex table, then Joe Clark and the PDF/UA Committee would love to hear from you in their quest to ensure that complex tables are accessible in PDF. | | | The structure of the document should be logical, unambiguous, and avoid redundant words. |
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http://juicystudio.com/services/readability.php
(1002 words)
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| | Readability and reading ages of school science text-books. |
| | Readability is concerned with the problem of matching between reader and text. | | | This fact, coupled with the choice of introductions to topics, suggests that the values shown in the tables are likely to be minimum values. | | | You can download this article as a.pdf file for Adobe Acrobat Reader, so it can be viewed as pages, as well as printed out more neatly. |
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http://www.timetabler.com/reading.html
(3995 words)
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| | Flesch-Kincaid Readability Test - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The test is so ubiquitous that it is bundled with the popular word processing programs KWord and Microsoft Word. | | | The Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level for the current open document is denoted by the first blue bar. | | | Text to be analyzed must be on the web with a URL ending in.txt. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesch-Kincaid_Readability_Test
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| | Readability Analysis: Home |
| | Indeed, part of our goal with this project is to demonstrate that a readability analyzer for multiple languages can be implemented. | | | When creating a web page, it is important that the author keep his or her audience in mind so that the text that is displayed is not too difficult for the reader to understand. | | | In the English versions of these algorithms, factors like the number of words per sentence and the average number of syllables per word. |
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http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/s2s/latest/readability1/src/index.cgi?lang=Spanish&content=home
(411 words)
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| | Readability |
| | For example, a reading index of 6 refers to a sixth-grade reading level, while an index of 16 refers to the reading level of a senior in college. | | | Too many new ideas in a given number of words tend to confuse rather than enlighten. | | | A simple analysis you can easily carry out by hand is the FORCAST analysis, which is explained below. |
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http://agcomwww.tamu.edu/market/training/power/readabil.html
(799 words)
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| | Readabilty - making pages easy to read by design |
| | CSS allows designers to change letterspacing (through the letter-spacing property) and leading (using line-height), but should be only considered with very good reason. | | | This somewhat narrower column uses fully-justified text, but notice see how the reading flow is jerky and awkward, particularly with substantially longer words. | | | Many sans fonts have been developed specifically for electronic media. |
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http://www.webdesignfromscratch.com/readability.cfm
(1189 words)
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| | Content Readability is Essential |
| | This underlines the importance of understanding readability specifically in terms of computer and internet use. | | | An examination of readability specific to computers reached opposite conclusions. | | | Studies demonstrate that the internet poses very particular challenges and opportunities with respect to how information is actually read. |
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http://www.webpronews.com/ebusiness/smallbusiness/wpn-2-20050308ContentReadabilityisEssential.html
(391 words)
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| | OKAPI! On-Line Manual |
| | The application is highly accurate in computing average sentence length and percent of 'difficult' words not found on a standard wod list--values that play a part in both the Spache and Dale-Chall formulas. | | | can remove a great deal of drudgery from the task of computing a readability index. | | | overlooks common names of people or places when computing readability levels. |
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http://www.interventioncentral.org/htmdocs/tools/okapi/okapimanual/okapimanual.shtml
(3352 words)
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| | Readability Tests |
| | This index computes readability based on the average number of syllables per word and the average number of words per sentence. | | | You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software. | | | Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. |
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http://developer.gnome.org/documents/style-guide/usability-readability.html
(365 words)
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| | AHNCUR |
| | It is not feasible to test every combination of variables, and since there has been so little prior research, we will start with a few basic variables: foreground/background color combinations, font type, and word style. | | | In general these results suggest that there is no one foreground/background combination, font, or word style which leads to the fastest RT (i.e. | | | best readability), but rather a designer must consider how each variable affects the other(s). |
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http://hubel.sfasu.edu/research/AHNCUR.html
(3399 words)
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| | Readability |
| | This is in contrast to the opinion expressed by Battelle: "Like the MT evaluation methods based on the factor of comprehensibility, evaluation methods based on the concept of readability must consider, if not the whole, then at least a sizable segment of the translated material. | | | Cloze tests can be used either at sentence-level or cross-sentence level. | | | Readability is a quality of the output that can be measured independently of the source language. |
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http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/mteval/html/172.html
(494 words)
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| | Readability Research - Topics in Usability |
| | Readability of Fonts in the Windows Environment Thomas S. Tullis, Jennifer L. Boynton, and Harry Hersh, CHI '95 Proceedings | | | By M. Bernard and M. Mills, Software Usability Research Laboratory, Witchita State University, July 2000 - Research into readability, and preference in fonts for online reading. | | | This scale is used by the Microsoft Word grammar checker |
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http://www.stcsig.org/usability/topics/readability.html
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| | Alibris: Readability |
| | This manual, excerpted from Readability Revisited, presents the essentials for applying the formula: detailed instructions: worksheets (reproducible in a convenient 8 1/2x11 format), tables for calculating readability scores, the complete Dale List of 3,000 Words Known to Fourth-Graders, examples of text illustrating each reading level from grades... | | | Readability program for the IBM PC, XT, and AT | | | Style and readability in business writing : a sentence-combining approach |
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http://www.alibris.com/search/books/subject/Readability
(499 words)
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| | Readability & Legibility |
| | As director of the graphic design career at UAM Xochimilco, he is developing an integral model to evaluate legibility. | | | Some of the articles: The Science of World Recognition (Kevin Larson), The Bouma Supremacy (Hrant Papazian), Lateral Interference, Response Bias, Computation Cost and Cue Value (Peter Enneson), and Producting legible text on screen: Where do we look for guidance? | | | Readability is considerably more complex, because the act of reading is not based on the decipherment of the shape of individual letters but recognition of their combination in wordshapes. |
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http://cgm.cs.mcgill.ca/~luc/readability.html
(2475 words)
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| | Northwest Center for Holocaust Education |
| | Second, the Marshall Checklist was used to analyze each text to help determine the comprehensibility of the documents for tenth grade students. | | | Comprehension Questions - What level of comprehension is required to answer the questions at the end of the text? | | | Formulaic and subjective readability analysis were performed and analyzed. |
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http://www.wce.wwu.edu/Resources/NWCHE/readability/index.shtml
(754 words)
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| | Readability Analysis of Consumer Health Materials |
| | Evaluates readability of patient information on the Web as determined by the Flesch reading score and Flesch-Kinkaid reading level. | | | Reports that TOFHLA measures patients' ability to perform health- related tasks that require reading and computational skills and that it is the "first available tool for measuring functional health literacy." | | | Points out factors which contribute to readability of patient materials other than scores derived from formulas, although it advocates the SMOG formula for determining reading level. |
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http://www.nnlm.gov/scr/conhlth/read.htm
(1114 words)
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| | NEW Readability.info: Readability Scores, Grades, Sentences, Paragraphs, Word Usage, English Usage and Grammar Analysis ... |
| | By comparing the readability score of different documents (or Web pages) you can better hone your writing and make sure that you aren't creating overly complex sentences and paragraphs for your audience. | | | 10059 readability scores computed since 1 March, 2004. | | | Readability.info offering readability scores, style, grammar, school paper analysis, readability scores (Kincaid, ARI, Coleman-Liau, Flesch, Fog, Lix and SMOG) for Web pages or Miocrosoft Word files: see UP WritePoint Review |
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http://www.readability.info
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| | First Draft by Tim Porter: Reading the Vanishing Newspaper, 6: Readability |
| | The index measures sentence structure and complexity of language, then gives the writing a number on a scale of 1 to 100, with 1 being "practically impossible to read" and 100 being, well, a stop sign, I suppose. | | | But too hard to read because the language is too sophisticated and the sentences too complicated? | | | The Flesch-Kincaid tool is built into modern software like Microsoft Word, so it's easy to measure the readability of anything. |
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http://www.timporter.com/firstdraft/archives/000418.html
(1924 words)
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| | Text Readability Research - Scharff |
| | Lauren F.V. Scharff, A. Ahumada (2002) Using letter identifiability to predict readability of transparent text on textured backgrounds, Optical Society of America Fall Vision Meeting, October 2002, San Francisco CA. | | | Pappas, eds., Human Vision and Electronic Imaging VII, SPIE Proc. | | | Scharff, L. and Ahumada, A. Predicting Readability of Transparent Text on Textured Backgrounds. |
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http://hubel.sfasu.edu/research/text_display_lvs.html
(236 words)
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| | Readability as Applied to An ABE Assessment Instrument - Page 2 |
| | Extension of this approach was outlined by Marshall (1979) who provided guidelines for analyzing and evaluating textbooks based on comprehensibility rather than readability. | | | These formulas represented the two major approaches to the calculation of readability: estimating the number of unfamiliar words versus the number of syllables per word in addition to sentence length. | | | Mugford (1970) developed a predictive method for readability in the form of a graphic solution much like Fry's. |
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http://www.nald.ca/fulltext/report4/rep31-35/rep34-02.htm
(1007 words)
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| | Inspired2Write - Free Reprint Article - Cut the Fog!: The Readability Factor |
| | We shall be pleased to consider a revised version at your earliest convenience. | | | Readability levels are based on the average reading skills of people who've completed different stages of education, e.g., an average 14-year-old, a first-year college student, a college graduate. | | | Readability is about how clear your message is and how easy it is for an average reader to understand. |
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http://www.inspired2write.com/sjl/sjl1.html
(1406 words)
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| | The Fry Readability Program |
| | Press 'n' for each syllable and 'm' at the end of each word. | | | However, you should probably only use readability to compare the levels of different texts and to watch out for major mismatches, rather than make any precise judgments. | | | Chiang-Soong, B. and Yager, R (1993) Readability levels of the science textbooks most used in secondary schools, School Science and Mathematics, 93, 1, p 24-27. |
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http://www.educational-psychologist.co.uk/fry_readability_program.htm
(367 words)
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| | Stop! Look before you click Newsmakers CNET News.com |
| | A few years later I found that there were software programs that calculated readability, so I started analyzing everything in sight...Once you have a hammer, everything becomes a nail; once you have a readability program, everything written is fair game. | | | There are a couple dozen readability formulas that have been developed over the last 60 years, recently converted into software of grammar-checking and word processing programs. | | | A colleague introduced me to readability formulas, and we tried to evaluate some of the materials that chemically dependent patients were expected to read. |
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http://news.com.com/2008-1082-887841.html
(1928 words)
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| | dotParagon - Design for Usability - Readability |
| | Print designers such as Jan White have preached this mantra for several decades; the concept applies to the web as well. | | | Not only is the same "size" type rendered in different sizes on Macintosh and Wintel computers (larger on the Wintel machine). | | | One readability issue where web designers could learn a lesson from print is the relationship between typeface size and line length. |
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http://www.dotparagon.com/resources/WWW6/usability6.html
(511 words)
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| | Althouse: Readability. |
| | Most use quantitative measures of sentence length and syllable count, but there's at least one (I forget the name) that uses a vocabulary list. | | | All of us who use Microsoft Word have built-in Flesch-Kinkaid readability statistics available on our grammar check. | | | He said too many students try to impress their professors by using the most obscure word possible and while two words may be close enough in meaning to be linked by a thesaurus their "nuances" are often completely different. |
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http://althouse.blogspot.com/2005/04/readability.html
(1559 words)
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| | Readability |
| | Avoid starting the page with phrases like, "The next thing to consider..." It may also be helpful to link key words in the opening paragraph of each document to background information. | | | WWW documents should be clean, crisp, and readable, just like programming code. | | | Even though your pages may have been created with a particular sequence in mind, it is important to remember that readers may connect to any of the pages in any order. |
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http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/Style_Guide/readability.html
(249 words)
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| | Fonteam International Casual Sans Serif Fonts |
| | This research of course was all conducted prior to the internet, so it refers solely to print typography. | | | But I would like to point out that the set of the typography is as important in readability issues as is the face -- and that even faces considered to have problems with legibility can, in reality, be set in such a way to be highly readable. | | | Unlike legibility, readability in typesetting is at the mercy of the typographer or graphic designer setting the type. |
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http://www.graphic-design.com/Type/fonteam
(752 words)
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| | ONJava.com: Readable Java 1.5 |
| | The programmer's existing understanding of type casts aids the understanding of this syntax. | | | This is a matter of taste, of course, and your taste may differ from mine. | | | In fact, all of the proposed new features for 1.5 can be represented by clear, unambiguous, and readable constructs without breaking backwards compatibility. |
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http://www.onjava.com/pub/a/onjava/2003/09/24/readable_java.html
(963 words)
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| | Scale and balance definitions in simple terms |
| | Another example would be the Ohaus SC2020 features 20,000 divisions. | | | The more divisions the better the quality of the weighing sensor and larger the A/D converter needed to resolve the analog output from the weigh sensor to a binary number for the digital display. | | | Examples:Ohaus CS2000 features a 2000 gram weighing capacity and increment in 1 gram increments (2000g x 1g.) Therefore, the readability is 1 gram. |
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http://www.scalenet.com/applications/glossary.html
(5513 words)
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| | Offline Readability: a Pattern for Personal Web Sites |
| | However, page creators should not assume that every visitor's browser is CSS-capable. | | | This pattern is rather slippery in its application. | | | Offline readability does not mean adding a second, formatted-for-printing version of each page. |
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http://www.rdrop.com/~half/Creations/Writings/Web.patterns/offline.readability.html
(321 words)
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| | Enhancing Readability with ASP |
| | We will examine how to neatly trim long strings without chopping words, how to redefine dates into a more human format. | | | In a further effort to make users perfectly comfortable with our application, this article will explore two functions we can use to make text more readable for the user. | | | To make these points a little clearer, I'll explain two situations and then give the functions to help us with those situations. |
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http://www.aspfree.com/c/a/ASP/Enhancing-Readability-with-ASP
(666 words)
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| | Readability Level |
| | The first uses Microsoft Word, gives a Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, and takes seconds to prepare. | | | The readability level of informational text found on-line can easily be figured. | | | Open your Microsoft Word application and change your Microsoft Word Spelling and Grammar Preferences. |
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http://magnet.sandi.net/workshops/walklikealibrarian/evaluatesites/levelingtext.html
(121 words)
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| | Readability analysis |
| | Because bc is interactive and reads commands from its standard input, the basic readability variables are substituted into a here-document which is fed to bc, and the output is captured in another environment variable. | | | Readability statistics assess variables including the average number of words per sentence, average length of sentences, number of syllables per word, and so on, to derive a formulaic estimate of the ``readability'' of the text. | | | Four different readability statistics are calculated within analyze. |
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http://docsrv.sco.com:507/en/OSUserG/_Readability_analysis.html
(546 words)
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| | Glossary-r |
| | The assessment is based on which grade in the school system is considered to be the appropriate level of education by which a typical student will have achieved that particular level of reading proficiency. | | | Readability refers to how naturally and easily a translation can be read. | | | Although it does not use too many difficult (to read) theological words, or the elevated vocabulary of the NEB, or the sophisticated idioms of TM, the vocabulary of the ISV is uneven, with quite a number of words not in the typical vocabulary of the average target population. |
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http://www.geocities.com/bible_translation/glossr.htm
(1208 words)
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| | CDC - OCSO - Human Research Protection Office - SMOG Readability Formula |
| | Compare the number of polysyllabic words in the SMOG conversion table. | | | Thanks also for her research of the Spanish language formulas which appear in the guide "Developing Effective Educational Print Materials" which she authored with the TEB, DSTDP, NCHSTP. | | | A Spanish language Fry type readability procedure: Elementary level. |
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http://www.cdc.gov/od/ads/smog.htm
(489 words)
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| | EyeWire: Magazine: Columns: Robin Williams: Improving Readability |
| | Readability refers to whether an extended amount of text - such as an article, book, or annual report - is easy to read. | | | Readability is one key element of printed text that typographers strive to maximize - and so should you. | | | That is, whenever a feature of a typeface becomes noticeable, that face becomes slightly less readable. |
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http://www.eyewire.com/magazine/columns/robin/readability
(385 words)
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| | State/Federal E-Govt Full Report, 2003 |
| | The Flesch-Kincaid test is a standard reading tool evaluator and is the one used by the United States Department of Defense. | | | The fear, of course, is that too many government documents and information sources are written at too high of a level for citizens to comprehend. | | | One might expect that agencies serving more educated clientele would gear their website to a higher level than those serving more poorly educated people. |
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http://www.insidepolitics.org/egovt03us.html
(2871 words)
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| | How can I improve readability? |
| | But I have realized that they want the precise rules, they want something scientific to be applied as a rule which works for all situations. | | | The amount of information that can be packed on a slide is limited by the requirements for readability and easy comprehension. | | | Though the approaches that can be used are literally infinite, there are a few basic ground rules which, if applied consistently, do provide guaranteed effectiveness in terms of readability. |
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http://www.masterviews.com/2002/01/15/how_can_i_improve_readability.htm
(684 words)
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| | Text Stats |
| | The Readability calculations estimate how easy it is to read and understand the text of a book. | | | The Text Stats feature calculates a variety of statistics for each book in the Search Inside!™ program. | | | The Fog Index was developed by Robert Gunning. |
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http://www.amazon.com/gp/search-inside/text-readability-help.html
(174 words)
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| | Performability versus Readability |
| | This common characteristic (or fallacy, as it may be called), becomes clear whenever postulates such as performability and readability are either applied or compared to actual translations and theatrical performances and their historical functioning. | | | Nonetheless, the theoretical polarization of performability and readability is not very convincing when examining the extent to which postulates such as performability and readability can be applied and compared to the historical functioning of actual translations and theatrical performances. | | | Performability versus Readability: A Historical Overview of a Theoretical Polarization in Theatre Translation |
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http://accurapid.com/journal/22theater.htm
(6670 words)
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| | Reading Ages of school science text books |
| | Although a large number of reading age tests have been applied to each book, the accuracy of the results should be viewed only as a guide, to the nearest year. | | | There are many additional factors to be used in judging the suitability of a text (see the web pages on Readability), including the human interest scores. | | | The introductions to 10 topics were used in each book. |
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http://www.timetabler.com/textbooks.html
(955 words)
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