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| | Future Positive : Welcome |
 | | This strategy created huge and increasing value to ATandT customers, based on the same (then unnamed) law of increasing returns to scale at the beginning of the 20th century. | | | What's important is that the dominant value in a typical network tends to shift from one category to another as the scale of the network increases. | | | This growth in returns will be driven by an exponential growth in value of the eBay GFN as its membership increases (and new kinds of jointly constructed value become important-e.g. |
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http://futurepositive.synearth.net/2002/05/17
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| | newrules_pr.html |
| | The more dimensions accessible to member input and creation, the more increasing returns can animate the network, the more the system will feed on itself and prosper. | | | While the law of increasing returns and the economies of scale both rely on positive feedback loops, the former is propelled by the amazing potency of net power, and the latter isn't. | | | By contrast, networked increasing returns are created and shared by the entire network. |
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http://www.wirednews.com/wired/archive/5.09/newrules_pr.html
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| | Diminishing returns - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The "law" of diminishing marginal returns says that after a possible initial increase in marginal returns, the MPP of an input will fall as the total amount of the input rises (holding all other inputs constant). | | | Note that the marginal returns discussed in this article refer to cases when only one of many inputs is increased, for example the quantity of seed increases, but the amount of land remains constant. | | | However, if there are diminishing marginal returns, that additional kilogram will produce less than one additional metric ton of harvestable crop (on the same land, during the same growing season, and with nothing else but the amount of seeds planted changing). |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminishing_returns
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| | Scale |
| | This sets the increments used to change the value of the scale. | | | which returns the current value of the scale. | | | This sets the increments used to label the values of the scale. |
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http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/perltk/widgets/node7.html
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| | Wicksteed, The Common Sense of Political Economy, Book II, Chapter 5: Library of Economics and Liberty |
| | The law of increasing returns, on the other hand, includes all those cases in which economies may be effected in one or more of the factors by increasing the scale of production. | | | The principle of increasing returns, therefore, is intelligible and important; and it directs our attention to a significant point in the analysis of the processes of production. | | | The "law of decreasing returns," on the other hand, as ordinarily stated, is, as we have seen, the mere enunciation, with special reference to land, of an axiomatic and sterile proposition. |
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http://www.econlib.org/LIBRARY/Wicksteed/wkCS14.html
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| | New Rules, Wired 9-97 |
| | Products are given away to sell you the ongoing service (cell phones, software, DirectTV dishes) A widely used free product or service can eventually lead to consumer demand for a commercial service or business. | | | ...industrial economies of scale increase value linearly, while the prime law increases value exponentially - the difference between a piggy bank and compounded interest." | | | The Web, as an example, is a leaf doubling in size every 6 months." |
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http://www.spjc.edu/central/EDGE/newrules.htm
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| | Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural - Sources of small family farm production inefficiency, recôncavo region, Bahia, Brazil |
| | Considering that analysis under variable returns to scale is a more flexible method for determining efficiency indices than analysis under constant returns to scale (more flexible because it admits constant, increasing, and decreasing returns to scale), the efficiency indexes calculated under this condition are larger than those obtained under constant returns to scale. | | | Under variable returns to scale, the use of input by firm "j" cannot be smaller than the smallest amount of input used by any other firm. | | | A non-parametric approach, in the context of cost minimizing behavior under constant returns to scale, was used to estimate the indices of technical, scale, allocative, and total (economic or cost) efficiency. |
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http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-20032003000100004&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
(3078 words)
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| | scales.lisp |
| | Use force-mode to slam ;;; a scale degree to the nearest modal degree. | | | octave-and-interval returns the octave;;; and interval position in the octave of a scale degree reference. | | | ;;; (defmethod modeify (degree (mode mode)) ;; convert scale degree to mode's interval system. |
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http://www.notam02.no/internt/cm-sys/cm-1.4/kernel/scales.lisp
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| | Returns to Scale |
| | The definition of the concept of returns in to scale in a technological sense was further discussed and clarified by Knut Wicksell (1900, 1901, 1902), P.H. Wicksteed (1910), Piero Sraffa (1926), Austin Robinson (1932) and John Hicks (1932, 1936). | | | Diagramatically, the idea of different returns to scale is thus captured by the degree to which isoquants are spaced from each other as we move along the ray from the origin. | | | The accurate exercise for decreasing returns to scale in the first case is to double the number of boats and double the size of the North Sea (and thus double the number of fish). |
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http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/essays/product/returns.htm
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| | Economies Of Scale |
| | An examination of issues like economies of scale, economies of scope, and factor returns....(Continue Reading) | | | Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant Returns to Scale - A reader asks: "If I have a production function that has both labor and capital as factors, how can I tell if it is increasing returns to scale, constant returns to scale, or decreasing returns...(Continue Reading) | | | Information and ideas on how the retail industry can benefit from business-to-business electronic commerce looks at the supply chain, economies of scale and other perks from B2B....(Continue Reading) |
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http://www.zdimag.com/ds6781.html
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| | increasing returns to scale and Stock Trading at TradeStars + Stock Trading |
| | For instance, assuming that a increasing returns to scaletrade costs $16 and an average of 29 transactions are conducted per day, an to scale firm or someone else, you can lose more than the funds you originally placed at risk. | | | increasing returns to scale and stock trading - fab supplies of increasing returns to scale from the guaranteed delivery website with an incredible free offer. | | | In direct opposition to this you may have come across individuals who appear paranoid, but nevertheless, there are good arguments for saying that over time, people may be lured into the false belief that increasing returns to scale is a surefire strategy to make them rich. |
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http://www.tradestars.com/content/increasing-returns-to-scale.asp
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| | increasing returns to scale News Articles & Research |
| | ...by decreasing returns to scale (super-optimal scale), 22 farms have constant returns to scale (optimal scale), and 21 farms have increasing returns to scale... | | | Look for books on increasing returns to scale at Amazon | | | increasing returns to scale News Articles & Research |
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http://finance.za-news.com/news/increasing_returns_to_scale.html
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| | Long-Run Costs: Economies and Diseconomies of Scale |
| | If an increase in a firm& scale leads to higher average costs, we say that there are decreasing returns to scale or diseconomies of scale. | | | And if a change in scale does not change average costs, we say that there are constant returns to scale. | | | When an increase in a firm& scale of production leads to lower average costs, we say that there are increasing returns to scale or economies of scale. |
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http://wps.prenhall.com/bp_casefair_econf_7e/0,8233,2030933-,00.html
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| | Economics 201 Keys |
| | Diminishing returns to scale says that if the firm increases (decreases) all its inputs by some percentage, output will increase (decrease) by a smaller percentage. | | | If there are diminishing returns to scale, the long-run average cost curve is upward sloping and the total cost curve rises at an increasing rate. | | | If there are constant returns to scale, then if the firm increases (decreases) all its inputs by some percentage, output will increase (decrease) by the same percentage. |
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http://www.uncg.edu/eco/dpleyden/eco201s04/keyps78.htm
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| | Returns to scale |
| | Returns to scale : The term returns to scale refers to the response of output when proportional increases in all inputs are carried out (scale of operation). | | | If output increases by a smaller proportion, then the technology is said to exhibit decreasing returns to scale (diseconomies), but if it increases by a greater proportion than the inputs it exhibits increasing returns to scale (economies). | | | If output increases by the same proportion as the inputs, we refer to this technology as constant returns to scale. |
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http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Schreiner/mlmglossary/returns.htm
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| | Identifying High Performance ERP Projects |
| | Software projects generally exhibit variable returns to scale, and the output from ERP projects is multivariate. | | | It is vital that productivity measurements deal correctly with variable returns to scale and multivariate data. | | | Finally, the results support the assumption of variable returns to scale in ERP projects. |
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http://csdl2.computer.org/persagen/DLAbsToc.jsp?resourcePath=/dl/trans/ts/&toc=comp/trans/ts/2003/05/e5toc.xml&DOI=10.1109/TSE.2003.1199070
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| | EditModule.aspx?tabid=579&mid=1015&def=News%20Article%20View&ItemId=86 |
| | Although there are other ways for determining whether or not a production function is increasing returns to scale, decreasing returns to scale, or constant returns to scale, this way is the fastest and easiest. | | | Our new production has increased by less than m, so we have decreasing returns to scale. | | | Now we will look at a few production functions and see if we have increasing, decreasing, or constant returns to scale. |
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http://www.forexnet.lv/EditModule.aspx?tabid=579&mid=1015&def=News%20Article%20View&ItemId=86
(467 words)
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| | long run costs of production |
| | A further increase in scale to Plant 3 demonstrates constant returns to scale where both inputs and output have increased by 50% and a further expansion of scale to Plant 4 illustrates decreasing returns to scale where inputs have grown by 33% but output has grown by just 15%. | | | When a firm experiences decreasing returns to scale, then average total cost will rise – in other words diseconomies of scale exist. | | | If expanding the scale of output leads to a lower average cost for each level of output then the firm is said to be experiencing economies of scale. |
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http://www.tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/buseconomics/longrun_costs.htm
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| | The Role of Country Size and Returns to Scale in Empirical Assessments of Economic Integration: The Case of Spain |
| | Empirical assessments of trade policy in single-country models have addressed extensively the assumption of increasing returns to scale versus constant returns to scale, but the alternative assumption of small open economy versus large open economy has not received much attention. | | | e., returns to scale and country size) when analyzing a process of economic integration for a medium-size economy. | | | We conclude that the often neglected country-size assumption might be more relevant for the empirical results than returns to scale. |
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http://www.uv.es/bibsoc/GM/data/Papers/navecupna0005.html
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| | EconPapers: Estimates of the Returns to Scale for US Manufacturing |
| | We find significant differences between the estimates of the returns to scale parameter derived from the primal versus the dual equations. | | | The existence of time-varying markups reduces the incidence of significant differences in the primal versus dual returns to scale estimates for the durable goods industries but not for the non-durable goods industries. | | | Abstract: This paper estimates the degree of the returns to scale for 2-digit U.S. manufacturing industries from the output-based primal and price-based dual equations implied by firms' cost-minimization problems. |
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http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/cprceprdp/2121.htm
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| | Output Frontier and Increasing Returns to Scale |
| | Since output sets are non convex if at least one activity has increasing returns to scale, the DEA is showed to be inappropriate to study economic sectors facing increasing returns to scale. | | | This paper focuses on the relation between returns to scale and the nature of output frontier shapes. | | | This seems to be taken for granted without any reference to returns to scale. |
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http://ideas.repec.org/p/sei/seiiwp/991001.html
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| | EconPapers: original papers: Returns to scale in one-shot information processing when hours count |
| | Constant returns to scale implies that distortions in firm size will not arise from the need for hierarchical organization per se, but rather from organizational issues from the theory of the firm, such as incentives and abilities. | | | We find constant returns to scale over a wide range of delay costs, whereas Radner found increasing returns to scale: In other words, costs rise proportionally with the size of the firm's information problem. | | | In this paper we show that using the hours-based measure can give quite different results for returns to scale than were found by Radner. |
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http://econpapers.repec.org/article/sprreecde/v_3A6_3Ay_3A2001_3Ai_3A1_3Ap_3A113-124.htm
(384 words)
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| | FRB Minneapolis Research Archive - Reassessing Aggregate Returns to Scale With Standard Theory and Measurement |
| | Some economists have argued that this finding has not resolved the size of returns to scale, since factor service variation is unobserved, and there is no generally accepted theory to guide specification of this alternative framework. | | | Rather than the standard finding of increasing returns, we show that standard theory and conventional measures of output and inputs yield estimates of constant returns to scale at the aggregate level. | | | ABSTRACT: Constant returns to scale is a central construct of neoclassical theory. |
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http://woodrow.mpls.frb.fed.us/research/wp/wp566.html
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| | Aggregate Returns to Scale: Why Measurement Is Imprecise - Cole, Ohanian (ResearchIndex) |
| | Abstract: The extent to which there are aggregate returns to scale at the level of aggregate production has important implications both for the types of shocks generating business cycles and for optimal policy. | | | In this article, we show that the production shocks implied by a range of returns to scale that encompasses both large increasing returns and large... | | | "Aggregate Returns to Scale: Why Measurement Is Imprecise," Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Quarterly Review, Summer, 19-28. |
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http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/433494.html
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| | FRB Minneapolis Research Archive - Reassessing Aggregate Returns to Scale With Standard Theory and Measurement - Working Paper 566 |
| | Abstract: Constant returns to scale is a central construct of neoclassical theory. | | | Some economists have argued that this finding has not resolved the size of returns to scale, since factor service variation is unobserved, and there is no generally accepted theory to guide specification of this alternative framework. | | | Rather than the standard finding of increasing returns, we show that standard theory and conventional measures of output and inputs yield estimates of constant returns to scale at the aggregate level. |
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http://woodrow.mpls.frb.fed.us/research/common/pub_detail.cfm?pb_autonum_id=928
(196 words)
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| | Returns to scale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In economics, returns to scale and economies of scale are terms that are related, and sometimes incorrectly used interchangeably. | | | Returns to scale refers to a technical property of production that predicts what happens to output if the quantity of all input factors is increased by some amount of scale. | | | Economies of scale tend to occur in industries with high capital costs in which those costs can be distributed across a large number of units of production (both in absolute terms, and, especially, relative to the size of the market).A common example is a factory. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale
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| | ECN-765: Advanced International Trade |
| | Topics covered include models of trade with constant returns and perfect competition, models of trade with variable returns and imperfect competition, gains from trade with constant and variable returns to scale, and positive and normative analyses of commercial policy. | | | and J. Melvin, 1984, “The Gains from Trade Theorem with Increasing Returns to Scale,” in H. Kierzkowski, ed. | | | and A. Schweinberger, 1991, “Variable Returns to Scale, Non-Uniqueness of Equilibrium and the Gains from Trade,” ReStud 58:807-816. |
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http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/lovely/ecn_765.htm
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| | EconPapers: How Large Are Returns to Scale in the U.S.? A View Across the Boundary |
| | Moreover, estimates of returns to scale will be biased when the possibility of indeterminacy and sunspot driven fluctuations is not properly accounted for. | | | I find that returns to scale are increasing, but not considerably so. | | | The results of this paper therefore suggest that increasing returns to scale are not the source for sunspot fluctuations in U.S. business cycles |
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http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/ecmnasm04/512.htm
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| | Returns to Scale |
| | If an increase in all inputs in the same proportion k leads to an increase of output of a proportion greater than k, we have increasing returns to scale. | | | If an increase in all inputs in the same proportion k leads to an increase of output in the same proportion k, we have constant returns to scale. | | | If an increase in all inputs in the same proportion k leads to an increase of output of a proportion less than k, we have decreasing returns to scale. |
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http://william-king.www.drexel.edu/top/Prin/txt/MPCh/RtoS1.html
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