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| | Roman imperial times (from mystery religion) -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
 | | Roman numerals are hard to manipulate, however, and mathematical calculations generally were done on an abacus (see Abacus). | | | Over time the easier-to-use Arabic numbers replaced Roman numerals (see Numeration Systems and Numbers). | | | The Roman numeral system, in which letters represent numbers, was dominant in Europe for nearly 2,000 years. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-15855
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| | ab |
| | Contents 1 Roman abacus 2 Chinese abacus 3 Japanese abacus 4 Russian abacus 5 Native American abacus 6 Uses by the visually impaired 7 See also 8 External links Roman abacus The Late Empire etc., essentially in a bi-quinary coded decimal See Roman abacus for more information. | | | See also abacus (architecture) An abacus Arabic numeral Russia, China and elsewhere. | | | ABC is an abbreviation with many meanings: The Roman alphabet, of which A B, and C are the first three letters. |
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http://www.en-cyclopedia.com/index1/ab
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| | Roman abacus - definition of Roman abacus in Encyclopedia |
| | The Roman abacus predates the Chinese "invention" of the Suan Pan by centuries; | | | A reconstruction of a Roman abacus in the Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliothèque nationale, Paris. | | | Roman abacus - definition of Roman abacus in Encyclopedia |
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http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Roman_abacus
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| | Roman abacus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The Roman counting board incorporates mixed-base arithmetic (in the two rightmost columns), another original enhancement by the Romans that is not present in any other abacus. | | | A reconstruction of a Roman abacus in the Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliothèque nationale, Paris. | | | The Romans developed the so-called Roman abacus, or rather a portable counting board, based on previous Greek counting boards. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_abacus
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| | Martindale's Calculators On-Line Center: Mathematics - Roman, Abacus. Old English, Slide Rule |
| | CHINESE, JAPANESE, KOREAN, VIETNAMESE AND RUSSIAN ABACUS DATABASE | | | ABACUS: THE ART OF CALCULATING WITH BEADS (JAVA APPLET) - L. Fernandes, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson Polytechnic University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada "...The abacus is a calculator whose earliest known use is circa 500 B.C. by the Chinese civilization. | | | ROMAN NUMBER CONVERSION - J. Diaz "...Enter the arabic number you want to convert to roman..." For more information see Jeffrey Diaz's Home Page |
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http://www.martindalecenter.com/Calculators2_2_Old.html
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| | Diane's Mathematics Page |
| | Vedic Math and Numerals Mathematics and the Spiritual Dimension by Swami B. Visnu short mention of abacus and roman numerals | | | Abacus in Various Number Systems a brief history and an interactive abacus on which you can change the numbers of beads. | | | Roman Numerals and Date Conversion Includes a Roman calculator for numbers 1-4999 and a test on Roman numerals. |
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http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Academy/9468/mathematics.htm
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| | Martindale's Calculators On-Line Center: Mathematics - Roman, Abacus. Old English, Slide Rule |
| | Martindale's Calculators On-Line Center: Mathematics - Roman, Abacus. | | | "...The applet represents an abacus close to the Russian variant where, for the ease of use, middle counters differ in color from all the rest..." For more information see Arithmetic& Algebra Calculators or Interactive Mathematics Education, Puzzles & Calculators | | | ABACUS: THE ART OF CALCULATING WITH BEADS (JAVA APPLET) - L. Fernandes, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson Polytechnic University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada "...The abacus is a calculator whose earliest known use is circa 500 B.C. by the Chinese civilization. |
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http://www.martindalecenter.com/Calculators2_2_Old.html
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| | Roman seapower. (from navy) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia |
| | Roman numerals are hard to manipulate, however, and mathematical calculations generally were done on an abacus (see Abacus). | | | Roman Nose was born a Cheyenne in 1830. | | | It was founded by Roman Musat, ruling prince of Moldavia (1392–94); he referred to it as “our town of Roman” in a letter of 1392. |
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http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-205264
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| | Chinese Numbers |
| | The abacus is familiarly associated with Chinese arithmetic, but the first abacus of the characteristic form, the suan p'an or calculating board, is recorded as late as 1593 by Ch'eng Ta-Wei. | | | Roman numerals and a Roman abacus make arithmetic much faster than paper calculations with memorised addition tables, and very much more accurate. | | | There is no surprise that the abacus appears in customary Chinese materials, but it would be very enlightening to find a bronze abacus, or any intermediate stage between the captive bead sliding in a slot, and the pierced bead on a rod. |
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http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/math/chinum.htm
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| | The Roman road system (from history of transportation) -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | Roman numerals are hard to manipulate, however, and mathematical calculations generally were done on an abacus (see Abacus). | | | In the Roman Empire, for the first time in history, a system of fully integrated roads (and of cities integrated by roads) came into existence. | | | Chronological narration of different periods in the Roman history beginning from the Iron Age to the Augustan Age, provided by the University of Saskatchewan, Canada |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-64337
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| | The Abacus: A Brief History |
| | Roman hand-abacus, that survive are constructed from stone and metal (as a point of reference, the Roman empire fell circa 500 A.D.). | | | It is thought that early Christians brought the abacus to the East (note that both the suan-pan and the Roman hand-abacus have a vertical orientation). | | | The abacus as we know it today, appeared (was chronicled) circa 1200 A.D. in China; in Chinese, it is called suan-pan. |
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http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/abacus/history.html
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| | Wikinfo Roman abacus |
| | The Roman abacus predates the Chinese "invention" of the Suan Pan by centuries; | | | O This diagram is based on the Roman abacus at the | | | The Roman hand-abacus has the refinements attributed to the modern Japanese Soroban; i.e. |
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http://www.wikinfo.org/wiki.php?title=Roman_abacus
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| | Roman commerce - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The abacus, using Roman numerals, was ideally suited to the counting of Roman currency and tallying of Roman measures. | | | Roman commerce was the engine that drove the growth of the Roman Empire. | | | Whereas in theory members of the Roman Senate and their families were prohibited from engaging in trade, the members of the Equestrian order were involved in businesses, despite their upper class values that laid the emphasis on military pursuits and leisure activities. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_commerce
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| | abacus -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | Roman numerals are hard to manipulate, however, and mathematical calculations generally were done on an abacus (see Abacus). | | | The earliest “abacus” likely was a board or slab on which a Babylonian spread sand so he could trace letters for general writing purposes. | | | The first mechanical calculator, a system of strings and moving beads called the abacus, was devised in Babylonia in about 500 BC. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9003215
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| | How Computers Work: Part 2 Story at Newfunny.com |
| | If you would like more information on the topics discussed today, please visit the nearest ancient Roman library and local abacus store. | | | There may be some confusion about why the Roman numeral for 1000 is the letter M, but the letter K is often times used to denote the same number. | | | The abacus was the first portable device that allowed the user to store and retrieve information. |
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http://www.newfunny.com/archive?id=69
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| | Abaci at Caribbean Topfunwebsites |
| | If a Roman abacus was presented to the Han Emperor in 166 CE, (no doubt the staff and merchants whom accompanied the envoy would have had abaci as well) then the intervening centuries were sufficently long enough for the Chinese to make the abacus their 'own' by adapting to their needs. | | | The limitation of the advanced arithmetic operations is a function of limitations of the Roman numeral system and not their abaci. | | | Before an arithmetic operation could be transfered to an abacus, someone had to develop the algorism for the operation. |
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http://www.topfunwebsites.com/abaco/abaci.html
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| | The Abacus: A Brief History |
| | Roman hand-abacus, that survive are constructed from stone and metal (as a point of reference, the Roman empire fell circa 500 A.D.). | | | Both the abacus and the counting board are mechanical aids used for counting; they are not calculators in the sense we use the word today. | | | The abacus is a device, usually of wood (plastic, in recent times), having a frame that holds rods with freely-sliding beads mounted on them. |
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http://www.ee.ryerson.ca:8080/~elf/abacus/history.html
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| | Legion XXIV - New Millennium and Why No Year Zero |
| | The second abacus the Romans developed is called the "lined abacus." It was simply a board with lines drawn on it. | | | The Romans were superstitious about "even" numbers, so taking a day away from the "even" 30 day months to make them an "uneven" 29 days and adding a day to January to make an uneven 29 days (February remained at 28 days) made for an "uneven" 355 day year. | | | The abacus of today is called the "rod abacus" and operates by moving beads along narrow rods. |
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http://www.legionxxiv.org/dateyeartime
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| | Computation without Electricity |
| | The Roman Abacus used a similar configuration, somewhat matching the represenation by Roman numerals. | | | The Russian version of an Abacus did not have the central bar, the unit beads were colored light and the 5-beads were dark. | | | the Chinese Abacus is largely unchanged since early records reaching back to ~500 B.C. The notation is bi-quinary: an upper deck selecting the 0-5 or 6-10 range, and the lower deck representing (in unary notation) 0-5 or 6-10. |
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http://www-db.stanford.edu/pub/voy/museum/pictures/display/2-5-Mechanical.html
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| | Best Buy Electronics Store |
| | Its similarity to the Roman abacus suggests that that was the ultimate source, and this was very possible, since there were direct trade relations between the classical world and China, and Mongol traders along the Silk Road were a bridge between East and West. | | | Chinese abacus, the suanpan The Chinese abacus is typically around 20 cm (8 inches) tall and consumer electronics news it comes in various widths depending on the application. | | | It was in this melting pot of cultures and enlightenment, that the Suan electronics refurbished Pan leaped into existance as a fully formed two-deck abacus in the 13th century. |
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http://electronics.hostrim.com/best-buy-electronics-store.html
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| | Representation vs. Value |
| | If you use an abacus, then doing arithmetic is not based on the representation of Roman numerals, but based on representation of numbers on the abacus itself. | | | In Roman numerals, you write X, which is a single symbol for 10, and in Chinese, you don't use ten separate mark to write down the representation for 10. | | | If doing arithmetic is so difficult in Roman numerals, how did Romans do arithmetic using Roman numerals? |
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http://www.cs.umd.edu/class/spring2003/cmsc311/Notes/Data/repr.html
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| | Tam, Roman -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | Roman numerals are hard to manipulate, however, and mathematical calculations generally were done on an abacus (see Abacus). | | | Roman Nose was born a Cheyenne in 1830. | | | It was founded by Roman Musat, ruling prince of Moldavia (1392–94); he referred to it as “our town of Roman” in a letter of 1392. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9391027?tocId=9391027
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| | Hindu-Arabic and Roman Numeral Systems (from numeration systems and numbers) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia |
| | Roman numerals are hard to manipulate, however, and mathematical calculations generally were done on an abacus (see Abacus). | | | Thus the idea of “oneness” can be represented by the Roman numeral I, by the Greek letter alpha (the first letter) used as a numeral, by the Hebrew letter aleph (the first letter) used as a numeral, or by the modern numeral 1,... | | | The Roman numeral system, in which letters represent numbers, was dominant in Europe for nearly 2,000 years. |
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http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-205800?tocId=205800&ct=
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| | Weblog Item |
| | It is thought that early Christians brought the abacus to the East (note the vertical direction of both the suan-pan and the Roman hand-abacus). | | | The abacus as we know it today, appeared circa 1200 A.D. in China; in Chinese, it is called suan-pan. | | | Includes discussion of various precursors and variants of the abacus, a working abacus implemented as a java applet, and some basic instructions. |
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http://www.larkfarm.com/weblog_item.asp?LogID=1330
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| | Abacus |
| | There are several references to the abacus in Roman literature, and what is apparently a Greek computing table was found in the 19th century on the island of Salamis. | | | Latin writers tell of three types of abacus in use in Rome, namely: (1) the sand board or the wax tablet, (2) a marked table for counters, and (3) a table with grooves in which the counters were free to slide. | | | The early counter abacus was a table with lines to represent units, tens, hundreds, etc., or to represent different units of value like pounds, shillings and pence. |
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http://webpages.charter.net/BrianOtte/encyclopedia_project/a/abacus.html
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| | Roman commerce - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The abacus, using Roman numerals, was ideally suited to the counting of Roman currency and tallying of Roman measures. | | | Roman commerce was the engine that drove the growth of the Roman Empire. | | | Whereas in theory members of the Roman Senate and their families were prohibited from engaging in trade, the members of the Equestrian order were involved in businesses, despite their upper class values that laid the emphasis on military pursuits and leisure activities. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_commerce
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| | Encyclopedia: Roman mercantilism |
| | The abacus, using Roman numerals, was ideally suited to the counting of Roman currency and tallying of Roman measures. | | | Whereas in theory members of the Roman Senate and their families were prohibited from engaging in trade, the members of the Equestrian order were involved in businesses, despite their upper class values that laid the emphasis on military pursuits and leisure activities. | | | Romans were businessmen — the longevity of their empire was due to their commercial trade. |
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http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Roman-mercantilism
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| | Roman commerce - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The abacus, using Roman numerals, was ideally suited to the counting of Roman currency and tallying of Roman measures. | | | Whereas in theory members of the Roman Senate and their families were prohibited from engaging in trade, the members of the Equestrian order were involved in businesses, despite their upper class values that laid the emphasis on military pursuits and leisure activities. | | | Romans were businessmen — the longevity of their empire was due to their commercial trade. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_commerce
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