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| | SHRDLU - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | SHRDLU [1] was an early natural language understanding computer program, developed by Terry Winograd at MIT from 1968-1970. | | | It was written in the Planner and Lisp programming language on the DEC PDP-6 computer and a DEC graphics terminal. | | | A side effect of this memory, and the original rules SHRDLU was supplied with, is that the program could answer questions about what was possible in the world and what was not. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHRDLU
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| | language.htm |
| | SHRDLU was a computer program written by Terry Winograd in 1972. | | | SHRDLU's processing does not operate on a linear, hierarchical basis, it is a heterarchical system where the various knowledge modules collaborate in producing the syntactic and semantic analysis of the input. | | | This sentence would have two possible syntactic interpretations and two possible semantic interpretations - can you work out what they are? |
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http://www.mdx.ac.uk/www/psychology/cog/psy1100/language.htm
(1889 words)
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| | SHRDLU |
| | Winograd's interest is in the interpretation rather than the generation of language, and SHRDLU's capacity to analyze language far outstrips its capability of synthesis. | | | The first is the "heterarchical" organization of the various components of the overall program, while the second is the representation of different types of knowledge on which the program can draw in interpreting and replying to the comments of its human friend. | | | A flexible interplay between syntactic and semantic features of the linguistic input, and between these and the program's knowledge of the current state and general properties of the world (including its conversational partner), allows for subtleties of comprehension that vastly outrun the capabilities of earlier programs, to say the least. |
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http://www.ee.cooper.edu/courses/course_pages/past_courses/EE459/shrdlu
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| | SHRDLU |
| | SHRDLU was written almost 30 years ago, in a now-obsolete language (MACLISP), to run on a now-obsolete system, and as such has been relegated to the texts of Philosophy and Computer Science, where it provides a remarkable example of "intelligence" through the understanding of natural language. | | | The goal of this project is to "breathe life" into SHRDLU, by porting it to a modern language that will run on a variety of systems. | | | As the work progressed, project members saw more and more how complex the system was, but the focus was on a straightforward porting of MACLISP operations to their LISP equivalents. |
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http://web.umr.edu/~shrdlu/project_plan.html
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| | Etaoin Shrdlu |
| | Shrdlu is the mistake with a name, the eponym of the mistake in the machine. | | | Shrdlu appears in various forms as the copy editor in the Computer Underground Digest. | | | It was later published in a book called (if memory serves) "On Natural Language Understanding." SHRDLU is quite well known in the AI community, and is frequently referenced in other areas. |
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http://www.webservertalk.com/message240399.html
(1826 words)
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| | SHRDLU resurrection |
| | SHRDLU was a 1970 artificial intelligence (AI) tour de force, written in MACLISP for the Incompatible Time Sharing System (ITS). | | | SHRDLU is on the order of about only 500 kilobytes of sequentially executing source code, while the human brain contains around 100 billion neurons with about 100 trillion parallel interconnections. | | | Another theory is that the complexity required in SHRDLU just to attain rudimentary intelligence scared off anyone who might attempt a more sophisticated system, because SHRDLU code already exceeded the design and engineering capabilities of most AI programmers. |
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http://www.semaphorecorp.com/misc/shrdlu.html
(1552 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | Week 3 notes SHRDLU SHRDLU can: * analyse (undertand?) natural language * database (knowledge?) * reason (Do I own a large block?) * plan * learn (I own all the red blocks) This is the way SHRDLU works: 1. | | | SHRDLU can do a lot more than Eliza. | | | Analyse the input and create a symbolic form consistent with the database. |
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http://www.cit.gu.edu.au/~gw/qibtai/qibtainotesw3
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| | BBC - h2g2 - Etaoin Shrdlu |
| | And there is a science fiction story by Fredric Brown called Etaoin Shrdlu, in which an artificially intelligent Linotype machine is able to understand all the text it sets. | | | Now one of the problems with Linotype was that there was no backspace key, and correcting errors was a rather complicated affair. | | | There are collections of clippings of such errors in print. |
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1051552
(737 words)
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| | COZ.MU ~ Kwang Poon's Blog » ETAOIN SHRDLU |
| | Nevertheless, in 1972, Terry Winograd, an MIT student thought it appropriate to name a program “SHRDLU” as part of his Masters’ thesis work on AI and that made the “name” famous since it was widely referenced in the AI community. | | | The “name” has its roots in information theory and is apparently pretty well-known in artificial intelligence (AI) and science fiction circles. | | | Somehow, it relates to our fear that one day perhaps, we will be overtaken by intelligent machines that we have initially designed to serve us. |
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http://coz.mu/blog/index.php?p=15
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| | [No title] |
| | Calls to MICROPLANNER in SHRDLU are always done by calling the function THVAL2, contained in the semantics files, rather than the usual call to THVAL. | | | This file contains all aspects of their definitions: syntax, semantics, macro-expanders, etc. -- Semantics files -- SMSPEC > "Semantic Specialists" This contains all the functions which know how to interpret the syntactic forms that will be found by the grammar: noun groups, relative clauses, pronouns, etc.. | | | See A.I. MEMO 282 "Grammar for the People" for comprehensive flowcharts of the functions in this file. |
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http://www-pcd.stanford.edu/winograd/shrdlu/code/files
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| | [No title] |
| | [T/F] SHRDLU's creator's contribution to natural language research was to make evident that understanding language requires a process in which various types of analysis, both syntactic and semantic, have to occur in an integrated manner. | | | The computer then analyzed these numbers to find recognizable patterns that are the basic visual elements that ultimately difine a visual language. | | | [T/F] Knowledge of SHRDLU's world was represented as a semantic net in the form of relations -- lists of objects and properties. |
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http://www.cs.oswego.edu/~blue/courses/cog166/q3f2000.html
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| | LINGOL -- A Progress Report |
| | Firstly, SHRDLU constitutes a well-documented bench-mark for the fore-front of computational linguistics research. | | | If SHRDLU were to become an irreproducible result, that might enhance the reputation of Winograd, but it would be a disaster for Computational Linguistics. | | | Fourthly, since Winograd wrote his thesis, the situation at the MIT AI laboratory has improved with respect to robot arms and their software support, making it feasible to have the program drive a real arm instead of the simulated arm shown on a display in Winograd's program. |
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http://boole.stanford.edu/pub/lingol75.html
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| | ipedia.com: Natural language understanding Article |
| | Early systems such as SHRDLU, working in restricted "blocks worlds" with restricted vocabularies, worked extremely well, leading researchers to excessive optimism which was soon lost when the systems were extended to more realistic situations with real-world ambiguity and complexity. | | | Natural language understanding is a sub-field of artificial intelligence research devoted to making computers "understand" statements written in human languages. | | | Natural language understanding is sometimes referred to as an AI-complete problem, because natural language recognition seems to require extensive knowledge about the outside world and the ability to manipulate it. |
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http://www.ipedia.com/natural_language_understanding.html
(417 words)
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| | Project SHRDLU |
| | Project SHRDLU is an attempt to port the classic AI program SHRDLU from its original implementation language, MacLisp, to Common Lisp. | | | This is a part of our senior design course for computer science, CS 397/398. | | | There is a mailing list for developers now available. |
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http://web.umr.edu/~shrdlu
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| | lecture 3 |
| | Some AI practitioners thought that this was the key breakthrough: all that we had to do was to add more information to the blocks worlds, and the walls of the artificial world would fall away. | | | These are important areas of AI: knowledge representation (knowledge and reasoning), natural language processing, planning, and machine learning. | | | In order to understand these you need to understand human life and culture and I doubt very much whether these could be explained in the kind of rudimentary terms that SHRDLU requires. |
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http://www.cit.gu.edu.au/~terryd/subjects/intro.to.ai/lecture3.html
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| | SHRDLU project extracts |
| | There was a lot of debugging code added/found in the shrdlu implementation we have, and most of it is quite useful, but can only be turned on before the shrdlu loop is started. | | | I have gone through all of the shrdlu transcript so I know which parts do and dont work there, and a few ideas as to why (i've had to go thru a LOT of it to find the problems with Corman). | | | If you want to make a SHRDLU "listener", where you can type with this same old-style syntax, you should make a (defun shrdlu-read (&optional (stream *standard-input*) eof-error eof-val) (let ((*package* (find-package "SHRDLU")) (*readtable* *shrdlu-readtable*)) (read stream eof-error eof-val))) I just can't figure out why it'd be reading itself. |
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http://www.semaphorecorp.com/misc/extracts.html
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| | Artificial Intelligence Wiki: SHRDLU |
| | SHRDLU was a seminal piece of natural language understanding work done by Terry Winograd at the M.I.T. Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in 1968-70. | | | The user was able to ask the program to move the blocks in particular ways and about the positions of the blocks. | | | Below is a short example of an interaction with SHRDLU: |
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http://www.ifi.unizh.ch/ailab/aiwiki/aiw.cgi/SHRDLU
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| | generation5 - SHRDLU Project |
| | Basically, SHRDLU had knowledge of a small 'world' and it could understand instructions to modify the world. | | | Then create a program that interfaces your SHRDLU parsing system to the robot. | | | Using LEGO Mindstorms and Vision Command, create a robot that is capable of moving blocks about. |
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http://www.generation5.org/content/2002/shrdlu.asp
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| | Media Links |
| | SHRDLU has since been adopted as the name of a computer program for understanding natural language, written by Terry Winograd at the M.I.T. Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in 1968-70. | | | I was attracted to the word SHRDLU, of course, because it's practically my name. | | | But one of the things one learns in hot type is the "word" SHRDLU, the string of letters created when one swipes his finger down one side of the linotype machine. |
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http://www.uark.edu/~kshurlds/LINK/shrdlu.html
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| | [No title] |
| | Conversational systems such as SHRDLU undoubtedly herald the future the advantages of a computer that is able to discuss problems intelligently with humans rather than passively accepting programs to solve the problems are too obvious to miss. | | | It consists of subsystems that parse interpret and construct sentences carry out dictionary searches and semantic analyses and makes logical deductions. | | | SHRDLU is head and shoulders above contempoary systems when it comes to intelligent conversation. |
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http://users.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave.Marshall/AI1/COPY/shrdlu.html
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| | shrdlu |
| | Nobody and nothing is depending on this machine, so I'm quite free to experiment as I see fit. | | | Borrowed, the dream is an Intel EtherXpress 100B... | | | Due to the joys of being on a LAN, there are many things shrdlu won't have to do itself, like DNS, nntp and similar. |
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http://home.nvg.org/~taliesin/tek/shrdlu.html
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| | Vive la Godard-Effect! |
| | Subject: Re: [syndicate] A session with Etaoin Shrdlu I think I understand here - still within the MOO etc. there is so much querying... | | | I'm curious because I've read Winograd for years - Alan On Sat, 7 Feb 2004, noemata wrote: > sorry i don't know, closest thing i used was "Tarski's world" ware using > first-order logic in the same environment. | | | -Artificial intelligence -God bless America -I don't understand ___ The first International Robot Day, feb 5, 2004 On Terry Winograd's Etaoin Shrdlu '72 AI system From sondheim@panix.com Sat Feb 07 03:49:35 2004 Date: Fri, 6 Feb 2004 21:46:14 -0500 (EST) From: Alan Sondheim |
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http://noemata.net/hexture/0x39.txt
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| | [No title] |
| | SHRDLU is a prototype of solutions developed in AI. | | | The program could plan sequences of actions and in the virtual world and then execute the planned moves SHRDLU’s world SHRDLU could also answer questions about its world of blocks, for example Person: Is there anything which is bigger than every pyramid but is not as wide as the thing that supports it? | | | This was SHRDLU, written by Terry Winograd of MIT (1972). |
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http://www.csis.ul.ie/Modules/CS4816/cs4816_lect02_intro.doc
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| | [No title] |
| | The early seventies: micro-worlds I.I SHRDLU: understanding natural language A. Terry Winograd's SHRDLU program of 1972 1. | | | the problem here is not one of disambiguating words, as in SHRDLU 4. | | | the program is just given these links (a bit like owning blocks in SHRDLU) 3. |
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http://www.iit.edu/~schmaus/Philosophy_of_Mind/lectures/Haugeland/Dreyfus.txt
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| | Etaoin.org - Etaoin Shrdlu |
| | Used as early as 1931 in a story by James Thurber, 'Etaoin Shrdlu' has since represented everything from nonsensical characters to sentient machines and studies into artificial intelligence. | | | A hot lead typesetting machine invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler and first demonstrated to the New York Tribune July 3, 1886. |
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http://www.etaoin.org
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| | Humanist Archives Vol. 5 : 5.0183 Etaoin Shrdlu Lives (5/180) |
| | There are some thought-provoking examples and discussions of letter probabilties in the textbook by William R. Bennett, Jr., Introduction to Computer Applications for Non-Science Students (BASIC), 1976, Prentice-Hall. | | | Jim Cerny, Computing and Information Services, Univ. N.H. j_cerny@unhh.unh.edu (4) --------------------------------------------------------------22---- Date: Mon, 24 Jun 91 10:35:59 EDT From: Lorne Hammond <051796@UOTTAWA> Subject: etaoin shrdlu A good summary is the chapter "In Memoriam Etaoin Shrdlu" in Hugh Kenner's The Mechanical Muse, Oxford UP, 1987, pp. | | | 742, with the first line: etaoin and the second shrdlu, the third cmfwyp, the fourth vbgkqj, and the last xz,fi, fl, ff, ffi. |
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http://lists.village.virginia.edu/lists_archive/Humanist/v05/0181.html
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| | Fun With Words: Letter Frequencies |
| | When analyzing the frequency with which letters appear in English, it's important to understand whether you are factoring in the frequency with which individual words are used. | | | The "etaoin shrdlu" sequence given above is based on the frequency of letters as they appear in speech and writing. | | | For example, the letter 'h' is not found in a comparatively large number of English words, but as it appears in several of the most commonly used words, such as "the," "then," "there," and "that," it appears more often in every day speech and writing than it does in a list of dictionary words. |
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http://rinkworks.com/words/letterfreq.shtml
(318 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | Package: areas/classics/shrdlu/ Name: SHRDLU Summary: Classical natural language understanding program. | | | Contact: Keywords: Classical AI Programs!SHRDLU, SHRDLU, Authors!Winograd, Blocksworld, NLU Contains: ??? | | | Version: 13-DEC-89 Description: This directory contains a copy of Winograd's SHRDLU, written in MacLisp. |
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http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/ai-repository/ai/areas/classics/shrdlu/0.doc
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| | Etaoin Shrdlu |
| | And this of course resulted in a lot of "etaoin shrdlu etaoin shrdlu etao" lines showing up in newspapers all over the world ~ confounding the reading public ~ and bringing about the general recognition of "etaoin shrdlu" as an artifact of typesetting in almost every language that was printed from left to right. | | | The design worked well ~ because etaoin shrdlu were the most-used letters in the California Language at the time. | | | That resulted in the word "shrdlu." When this routine was repeated sufficiently to fill out the short line, he would "elevate" it over to where the action was, in front of the melting pot. |
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http://pages.prodigy.net/jabeckpearce/poor_town/tales/etaoinshrdlu.htm
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| | How SHRDLU got its name |
| | 10) Several years later, someone gave me a copy of the science fiction story by Frederic Brown, written originally in 1942(!), entitled "ETAOIN SHRDLU" in which an artificially intelligent Linotype machine (with natural language ability) learns everything it typesets and tries to take over the world (World of Wonder ed. | | | see also World Wide Words on ETAOIN SHRDLU | | | 2) As a result (for physical reasons, which would take longer to explain), the arrangement of the keys on Linotype typesetting machines was not QUERTY, but frequency arranged columns: ETAOIN was the first column (reading downward), SHRDLU the second, etc. |
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http://hci.stanford.edu/~winograd/shrdlu/name.html
(407 words)
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| | etaoin shrdlu |
| | Andrew Stiller mentioned a once-famous play, The Adding Machine, in which Etaoin Shrdlu was a character. | | | ive decided to provide a brief history of the word "etaoin shrdlu" -- which is a real word i might add. anyway, here it is. | | | "With the idea of speeding up the setting of type, the old Linotype keyboards had their letters arranged in decreasing order of the frequency with which they appear in the language, making the first two rows ETAOIN SHRDLU. |
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http://sachiko.blog.com
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| | [Customize.org] App. Skins > Winamp-Classic > Etaoin Shrdlu |
| | I think you could do without the zigzag patterns though... | | | mechades: [98] one of...i groove on the simplicity of it's ish-ness...and the text makes me all happy inside...all you biotches who piss upon dis skin got no sense of style with which to dig the shrdlu funk...cthulhu ftagn...oh, and 420, while i'm here... |
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http://www.customize.org/details/4739
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| | Skeptic Tank Text Archive File |
| | cud414.htm Computer underground Digest Tue Mar 23, 1992 Volume 4 : Issue 14 Editors: Jim Thomas and Gordon Meyer (TK0JUT2@NIU.BITNET) Associate Editor: Etaion Shrdlu CONTENTS, #4.14 (Mar 23, 1992) File 1--Alter | | | cud411.htm Computer underground Digest Tue, Mar 10, 1992 Volume 4 : Issue 11 Editors: Jim Thomas and Gordon Meyer (TK0JUT2@NIU.BITNET) Associate Editor: Etaion Shrdlu CONTENTS, #4.11 (Mar 10, 1992) File 1--Net | | | cud405.htm Computer underground Digest Wed, Feb 5, 1992 Volume 4 : Issue 05 Moderators: Jim Thomas and Gordon Meyer (TK0JUT2@NIU.BITNET) Associate Moderator: Etaion Shrdlu CONTENTS, #4.05 (Feb 5, 1992) File 1: |
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http://www.skepticfiles.org/hacker
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| | Cu Digest Archives |
| | (Etaion Shrdlu, III) Thanks in advance, ((CuD Moderator's Note: Our copy editor, Etaion Shrdlu, III, sometimes is less attentive to detail than we would like, but he works rather cheaply and does windows so we can't fire him. | | | But *please* what does it mean a Coupe Adolator? | | | Curiosity killed the cat, I know, I know. |
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http://venus.soci.niu.edu/~cudigest/CUDS11/cud1136.html
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| | Local Events |
| | May 28: Shrdlu Ashe: New Milfords Unofficial Minstrel | | | Music you can tap your feet to under a century-old maple. | | | June 4: Ask Your Father: Rich and Dee Kelly of Norwich, CT |
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http://home.earthlink.net/~exit4music/exit4musicrequestinformation/id10.html
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| | Package: areas/classics/shrdlu/ |
| | Keywords: Authors!Winograd, Blocksworld, Classical AI Programs!SHRDLU, NLU, SHRDLU References: ? | | | This directory contains a copy of Winograd's SHRDLU, written in MacLisp. | | | Last Web update on Mon Feb 13 10:20:27 1995 |
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http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/ai-repository/ai/areas/classics/shrdlu/0.html
(59 words)
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| | ETAOIN SHRDLU - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | ETAOIN SHRDLU is the approximate order of frequency of the twelve most commonly used letters in the English language, best known as a nonsense phrase that sometimes appeared in print in the days of "hot type" publishing due to a custom of Linotype machine operators. | | | Elmer Rice's 1923 play, The Adding Machine, had Etaoin Shrdlu as a character. | | | Occasionally, however, the phrase would be overlooked and get printed erroneously. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETAOIN_SHRDLU
(470 words)
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| | The Straight Dope: What's the origin of the mysterious phrase "etaoin shrdlu"? |
| | He suggests that "etaoin shrdlu" is what they used to test Linotype typesetting machines with. | | | I need to know the origin of the phrase "etaoin shrdlu." I first encountered it in Walt Kelly's "Pogo" comic strip, where it was the moniker of an irascible bookworm, and it has turned up periodically since. | | | A typesetter who wanted to test the machine would run his fingers down these rows and rattle out the nonsense phrase. |
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http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_262a.html
(281 words)
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| | Spectrum Shrdlu entertains with music and humor |
| | The school is based on the philosophy of Austrian Rudolf Steiner. | | | He also plays at the farmers' market on the New Milford Village Green and at New Milford Historical Society functions, takes his act to coffeehouses and is working on a program to take into schools. | | | The couple founded the Housatonic Valley Waldorf School, which is currently in Brookfield but will be moving to Newtown next year. |
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http://www.spectrum.newmilford.com/121799/shrdlu.htm
(1159 words)
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| | The Pigskin Rabbi - Chapter 1 |
| | See Etoain Shrdlu, the Albino placekicker, boot a 54-yarder and win the game in the last three seconds. | | | It wasn't just the distance that impressed Homer, or the fact that the game was on the line. | | | Homer cornered Shrdlu right after the game, surprised once again at the kid's size. |
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http://www.lively-arts.com/fiction/pigskin_rabbi_chapter1.htm
(1535 words)
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| | j g bell - etaoin shrdlu |
| | Etaoin Shrdlu is my name for the work I have done on an open source library automation system. | | | It's actually more than just a library tool, as it includes tools for all kinds of community related activities and fun stuff. | | | This domain and all associated e-mail addresses are located in the State of Washington. |
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http://www.arlecchino.org/jgbell/etaoinshrdlu
(352 words)
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| | Diary for shrdlu |
| | Consider the philosophy of a network: an endless number of points, connected, and yet unaware of each other. | | | Older diary entries for shrdlu (starting at number 0): |
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http://www.advogato.org/person/shrdlu/diary.html?start=0
(63 words)
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| | Bateman/Zock: NLG list system entry: SHRDLU |
| | The system showed natural language, planning and actions working together for the first time in a complete system and would still give some current systems a run for their money! | | | A 'recreation' of SHRDLU has now been prepared by the Semaphore corporation. |
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http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/NLG-table/details/SHRDLU.htm
(162 words)
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| | Penn State Libraries : News |
| | With the idea of speeding up the setting of type, the old Linotype keyboards had their letters arranged in decreasing order of the frequency with which they appear in the language, making the first two rows ETAOIN SHRDLU. | | | In the daily race to prepare the newspaper for the press, the letters would end up as space holders and were often accidentally printed. | | | Following the film, Gene C. Foreman, the Foster Professor in Communications, Journalism Department, College of Communications and William L. Joyce, the Dorothy Foehr Huck Chair and head of the Special Collections Library, University Libraries, will lead a discussion. |
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http://www.libraries.psu.edu/news/releases/summerfall2003/FarewellEtaoinShrdlu_903.html
(245 words)
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| | Etaoin Shrdlu Productions - Creativity at the End of the Page |
| | While I've never known the use in common vernacular, there is a site dedicated to this phrase's preservation. | | | Ever so often, an editor would miss the faux paus, and ETAOIN SHRDLU would remain in the day's paper. | | | Thus, when an article would need to carry over from one page to another, typesetters would scrawl those letters onto the page to fill space and signify the change necessary to another page. |
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http://www.etaoinshrdlu.net
(199 words)
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| | Anil Dash: shrdlu |
| | Posted by Anil on May 9, 2002 02:37 AM | | | So, it is almost time for me to reveal the (not-so) great mystery of why my site has been named "shrdlu winograd maclisp teletype" for a little while. | | | Don't bother Googling it, you'll just get my page. |
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http://www.dashes.com/anil/2002/05/09/shrdlu
(117 words)
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