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| | Second language acquisition - definition of Second language acquisition in Encyclopedia |
 | | Second language acquisition, or SLA, is the academic discipline concerned with the study of the processes by which people learn languages in addition to their native tongue. | | | However, in general second language research has failed to support the critical period hypothesis, which argues that full language acquisition is impossible beyond a certain age. | | | Error analysis was an alternative to the existing field of contrastive analysis, a technique influenced by behaviorism through which applied linguists sought to use the formal distinctions between the learners' first and second languages to predict errors. |
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http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Second_language_acquisition
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| | Fifth-generation programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | While fourth-generation programming languages are designed to build specific programs, fifth-generation languages are designed to make the computer solve the problem for you. | | | A fifth-generation programming language (abbreviated 5GL) is a programming language based around solving problems using constraints given to the program, rather than using an algorithm written by a programmer. | | | Fifth-generation languages are used mainly in artificial intelligence research. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-generation_programming_language
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| | 4gl |
| | pl:4GL A fourth-generation programming language (or 4GL) is an application-specific programming language. | | | Thus were born report-generator languages, which were fed a description of the data format and the report to generate and turned that into a program which actually contained the commands to read and process the data and place the results on the page. | | | The first three generations were developed fairly quickly, but it was still frustrating, slow, and error prone to program computers, leading to the first "programming crisis", in which the amount of work that might be assigned to programmers greatly exceeded the amount of programmer time available to do it. |
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http://www.yourencyclopedia.net/4GL.html
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| | Low-level programming language |
| | The second-generation programming language or 2GL is Assembly Language. | | | In computer science a low-level programming language is a language that provides little or no abstraction a computer's microprocessor. | | | Note that high-level versus low-level is a property; a Java programmer would consider C to be a low-level language while assembly language programmer would consider C to be a high-level programming language. |
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http://www.freeglossary.com/Low-level_programming_language
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| | programming language - Columbia Encyclopedia® article about programming language |
| | Fifth-generation languages, which are still in their infancy, are an outgrowth of artificial intelligence artificial intelligence (AI), the use of computers to model the behavioral aspects of human reasoning and learning. | | | programming language, syntax, grammar, and symbols or words used to give instructions to a computer computer, device capable of performing a series of arithmetic or logical operations. | | | PILOT [Programmed Instruction Learning, Or Testing] is used in writing instructional software, and Occam is a nonsequential language that optimizes the execution of a program's instructions in parallel-processing parallel processing, the concurrent or simultaneous execution of two or more parts of a single computer program, at speeds far exceeding those of a conventional computer. |
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http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/programming%20language
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| | SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION |
| | Second language acquisition is taken here to involve both conscious and subconscious processes regardless of the age of the learner and the language learning environment. | | | Learning a second language in the host country or in an immersion program involves natural environments because the focus is on communication. | | | Normally, children do not have negative attitudes toward the second language culture, and they usually have a strong desire to be part of a group or community, which enhances their desire to learn the language. |
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http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/sgramley/IAL-SecLgAcquis-Ogrady.htm
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| | Second-generation programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | A second-generation programming language is a term usually used to refer to some form of assembly language. | | | The conversion process is simply a mapping of the assembly language code into binary machine code (the first-generation language). | | | The language is specific to and dependent on a particular processor family and environment. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-generation_programming_language
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| | Encyclopedia: Java programming language |
| | Mesa is a programming language developed at Xerox PARC that was used to program the Xerox Alto (one of the first personal computers with a graphical user interface), and later the Xerox Star workstations, and later the GlobalView desktop environment. | | | In computer science, a programming language is type safe when the language does not permit the programmer to treat a value as a type to which it does not belong. | | | Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a computer programming paradigm in which a software system is modeled as a set of objects that interact with each other. |
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http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Java-programming-language
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| | An Overview of Second Language Acquisition |
| | Second language acquisition is the phrase used to describe the process that people go through when confronted by a need to use a language other than their native one for communication. | | | It is useful to know that several studies agree that there is a remarkable similarity in the order in which learners of English as a second language (adults and children alike) acquire common grammatical forms or morphemes. | | | On the other hand, in a typical ESL classroom, speaking to students in a second (or third) language will not necessarily help with the improvement of their English. |
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http://cls.coe.utk.edu/lpm/esltoolkit/03acquistion.html
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| | Teaching Second Language Acquisition Courses: Views from New Faculty |
| | Despite a strong research agenda on alternative modes of instruction in language teaching, university faculty in TESOL and applied linguistics continue to rely on traditional "lectures and large group teaching" in second language teacher preparation courses (Richards, 1998, p. | | | Through experience, for example, SLA instructors may be able to predict that many students in their program lack knowledge of linguistic terminology or concepts, and that this lack may account for difficulties in student comprehension of Universal Grammar as a language learning theory. | | | The second proposition is that pedagogical reasoning, a model proposing a process through which pedagogical content knowledge may be developed, can be used to illuminate the teaching development of university instructors. |
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http://writing.berkeley.edu/TESL-EJ/ej29/a2.html
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| | LLT Journal: COMPUTER ASSISTED SECOND LANGUAGE VOCABULARY ACQUISITION by Peter Groot |
| | Second, in authentic use of language, it is frequently not the immediate context of an unknown word that contains the clues to its meaning but wider contexts that cumulatively illustrate its semantic properties. | | | Groot is senior lecturer at the University of Utrecht (The Netherlands) and currently teaches and supervises research in second language acquisition. | | | In this paper, the acronym L2 will be used to include second and foreign language learnings as opposed to L1 learning. |
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http://llt.msu.edu/vol4num1/groot
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| | Second Language Acquisition |
| | Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course (SLAIC) is a welcome addition to the growing number of introductory texts on second language acquisition. | | | In their final chapter, Gass and Selinker try to pull together the various factors that influence second language learning, integrating "what is learned and what is not learned, as well as the contexts in which that learning and nonlearning take place" (p. | | | Gass and Selinker take a multidisciplinary approach to adult second language acquisition (SLA), in which insights and research material from several perspectives, primarily linguistics, psychology, and sociolinguistics, are linked to SLA research itself. |
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http://writing.berkeley.edu/TESL-EJ/ej03/r17.html
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| | language acquisition on Encyclopedia.com |
| | Most traditional methods for learning a second language involve some systematic approach to the analysis and comprehension of grammar as well as to the memorization of vocabulary. | | | People learning a second language pass through some of the same stages, including overgeneralization, as do children learning their native language. | | | The acquisition of second or foreign languages is studied primarily by applied linguists. |
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http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/l1/languag-ac.asp
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| | chap4 |
| | natural languages: programming languages that allow end users to access stored data and interact with the computer using natural words so that the computer is extremely easy to use. | | | programming languages: coding schemes that provide instructions to the computer system so that it can perform a processing activity. | | | machine languages: the first generation of languages, in which instructions are written in binary code. |
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http://www.ecst.csuchico.edu/~khyron/mins110/chap4.htm
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| | The ALGOL Programming Language |
| | ALGOL was the first second-generation programming language and its characteristics are typical of the entire generation. | | | ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language) is one of several high level languages designed specifically for programming scientific computations. | | | The best sources for information regarding the programming language ALGOL are textbooks which outline the history of the language. |
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http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis400/algol/algol.html
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| | First and Second Language Acquisition |
| | Whereas it is understood that first language acquisition is somewhat a mystery and relies mostly on innate universal principles of constraints and assumptions, second language learning seems to rely more on cognitive mechanism in order to fashion general problem solving learning strategies to cope with the material. | | | Attempts to juxtapose what we do know about first language development, parameter settings, syntactic-categorical development (Lexical vs. Functional), etc. and comparing and contrasting these to second language have spawned new theoretical models, approaches and theories which seek to address new issues in TESL pedagogy. | | | This difference between First Language ‘Acquisition’ vs. Second Language ‘Learning’ has been recently articulated as a Fundamental Difference Hypothesis. |
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http://www.csun.edu/~galasso/lang1.htm
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| | The International Commission on Second Language Acquisition |
| | the phenomenon of language development, in this case the acquisition of second languages. | | | Investigators in the field of SLA are trying to unravel the mysteries of language acquisition, in this case, the acquisition of non-native languages. | | | The dominant aim behind this research is to extend our understanding of the complex processes and mechanisms that drive language acquisition. |
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http://www.hw.ac.uk/langWWW/icsla/icsla.htm
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| | Language list |
| | RPG (Report Program Generator) is a programming language that originated as a report-building program used in DEC and IBM minicomputer operating systems and evolved into a fully procedural programming language. | | | B is a computer language intended for recursive, primarily non-numeric applications typified by system programming. | | | Gödel is a declarative, general-purpose programming language in the family of logic programming languages. |
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http://home.nvg.org/~sk/lang/lang.html
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| | SLA Programs at Georgetown University |
| | Second Language Acquisition (SLA) is the field of study that investigates the processes by which foreign and second languages are learned. | | | Georgetown University also has a wide variety of research programs, established annual conferences and interest groups, such as the Foreign Language Initiatives in Research and Teaching (FLIRT) group, which is a cross-linguistic, faculty-graduate student research collaboration that aims to strengthen research, teaching, and learning of foreign languages at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. | | | Contributing to the opportunities for interdisciplinary research collaborations and coursework are the Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience and the Interdisciplinary Program in Cognitive Science. |
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http://www.georgetown.edu/departments/linguistics/sla
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| | Programming Language Comparison |
| | Thus, while object-oriented languages strive to remain at a fairly high level of abstraction, to be suitable for systems programming a language must provide such features or relegate such low-level tasks to a language with which it can interact. | | | C++ is considered to be a multi-paradigm language, of which one paradigm it supports is Object-Orientation. | | | Nearly every language to come along since C was first introduced provides such integration with C. This allows high level languages to remain free of the low level constructs that make C great for systems programming, but add much complexity. |
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http://www.jvoegele.com/software/langcomp.html
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| | Directory Subject Centre for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies |
| | The purpose of this general overview article is to outline how research into second language acquisition (SLA) over the last few decades has fed into our understanding of learning and teaching in foreign language classrooms. | | | Writing in a second language is further complicated by issues of proficiency in the target language, first language literacy, and differences in culture and rhetorical approach to the text. | | | Reading in a second language calls for fast, automatic word decoding and access to the mental lexicon (dictionary); this means working on building speed and fluency and on learning to recognise at least 10,000 words in the new language. |
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http://www.lang.ltsn.ac.uk/resources/keywordresources.aspx?keywordid=476
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| | fourth-generation programming language: Information From Answers.com |
| | In second- and third-generation languages, instructions would have to be written to read each record, test for end of file, place each item of data on screen and go back and repeat the operation until there are no more records to process. | | | A fourth-generation programming language (or 4GL) is a programming language designed with a specific purpose in mind such as the development of commercial business software. | | | Also known as a 4GL, it is a computer language that is more advanced than traditional high-level programming languages. |
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http://www.answers.com/topic/fourth-generation-programming-language
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| | Overview of Second Language Acquisition Theory By Request...May 2003 |
| | Current theories of second language acquisition are based on years of research in a wide variety of fields, including linguistics, psychology, sociology, anthropology, and neurolinguistics (Freeman and Freeman, 2001). | | | An understanding of second language acquisition can improve the ability of mainstream teachers to serve the culturally and linguistically diverse students in their classrooms (Fillmore and Snow, 2002; Hamayan, 1990). | | | These theories have resulted in the identification of several distinct stages of second language development. |
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http://www.nwrel.org/request/2003may/overview.html
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| | Spn499 - Second Language Acquisition |
| | This course is an introduction to the field of second language acquisition (SLA) with an emphasis on speaking. | | | The purpose of the research project is to give you a hands-on introduction to SLA research. | | | Your project will have several parts: statement of the research problem, discussion and analysis of previous literature on the topic, data collection, and data analysis and discussion. |
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http://titan.iwu.edu/~cisabell/courses/spanish499/sla
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| | Second Language Acquisition: Theory and Practice |
| | To aid students’ in the development of their own ideas about such issues of the role of the first language in the acquisition of the second language, second language literacy development, interlanguage, individual differences, language and communication strategies, etc. | | | This course provides students with an overview of current theories of second language acquisition and literacy development. | | | To equip students with solid understanding of the interrelated nature of second language acquisition and first language literacy. |
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http://webhost.bridgew.edu/lsilveira/SLA_and_Literacy.htm
(457 words)
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| | Second Language Acquisition |
| | It is an approach to second language instruction based on Behaviorist learning theory. | | | Krashen's theory of second language acquisition: five main hypotheses: | | | Also known as two-way or developmental, the goal of these bilingual programs is for students to develop language proficiency in two languages by receiving instruction in English and another language in a classroom that is usually comprised of half native English speakers and half native speakers of the other language. |
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http://nadabs.tripod.com/acquisition
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| | English 715 Syllabus: Advanced Second Language Acquisition |
| | The design of an appropriate methodology for collecting and analyzing data from learners in a second language class | | | Designed for advanced students of second language acquisition and foreign language pedagogy, this course focuses on the social and psychological processes of learning a second language in the classroom. | | | Donato, R. Sociocultural contributions to understanding the foreign and second language classroom. |
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http://www.wisc.edu/english/rfyoung/eng-715.spring2004.syllabus.html
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| | RAND Advanced Publication Search View Abstract |
| | It includes: (1) an examination of theories of simulation and modelling and programming; (2) a description of the design aims and a few language statements of SIMSCRIPT II, a second generation simulation programming language; and (3) comments on a probable future for simulation languages and simulation programming. |
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http://www.rand.org/cgi-bin/Abstracts/e-getabbydoc.pl?P-3348
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| | programming language generations - a Whatis.com definition - see also: 1GL, 2GL, 3GL, 4GL, 5GL, program language generations |
| | 1GL or first-generation language was (and still is) machine language or the level of instructions and data that the processor is actually given to work on (which in conventional computers is a string of 0s and 1s). | | | In the computer industry, these abbreviations are widely used to represent major steps or "generations" in the evolution of programming languages. | | | 4GL or fourth-generation language is designed to be closer to natural language than a 3GL language. |
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http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211502,00.html
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