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| | Sage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Salvia lyrata, Lyre-leaved sage, Lyreleaf sage, Cancerweed, a purple-flowering perennial | | | It is one of the sages often known as hummingbird sage. | | | Salvia officinalis, Common sage; this is the best-known species of sage. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage
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| | Computers |
| | SAGE was the first time that a military strategy depended on a computer. | | | The SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) air-defense computer, the AN/FSQ-7. | | | SAGE was designed in the mid to late 1950s, primary by MIT Lincoln Lab, with follow-up development by IBM and by nonprofit System Development Corp. and Mitre Corp. The latter two were spun off from RAND and MIT, respectively, primarily for this task. |
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http://www.williamson-labs.com/480_cpu.htm
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| | IEEEVM: SAGE: A Landmark in Computing and Radar |
| | The computer for SAGE, the AN/FSQ7 built by IBM, was the first full-production machine with a magnetic core memory and the first to have a standby computer in case of machine failure. | | | SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) is a landmark in the history of both radar and computing. | | | SAGE demonstrated pioneering solutions to the problem of the user interface. |
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http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/collection/event.php?id=3456898&lid=1
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| | Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) |
| | In 1958, the MITRE Corporation was formed from the Computer System Division of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratories, and conducted the software development of SAGE's digital computer system. | | | The SAGE program significantly advanced the state of the art in human-computer interaction, influenced the thinking of J.C.R. Licklider, caused the establishment of the MIT Lincoln Laboratory where Lawrence Roberts later worked, and established one of the first wide-area networks. | | | When SAGE was deployed in 1963, it consisted of 24 Direction Centers and 3 Combat Centers, each linked by long-distance telephone lines to more than 100 radar defense sites across the country, thereby establishing one of the first large-scale wide-area computer networks. |
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http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_sage.htm
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| | sage - definition by dict.die.net |
| | Sage cock (Zo["o]l.), the male of the sage grouse; in a more general sense, the specific name of the sage grouse. | | | The male is called sage cock, and the female sage hen. | | | Meadow sage (Bot.), a blue-flowered species of Salvia (S. |
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http://dict.die.net/sage
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| | SAGE Computer (circa 1957) |
| | SAGE was a large scale, fully duplexed binary computer system, with tape drives, magnetic drums, telecommunication input/output and up to 64 graphic display terminals with 'light guns' (light pens). | | | I was trained on the SAGE computer (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) and initially assigned to the Custer Air Force Base at Battle Creek, Michigan. | | | This picture shows the control room which was at the center of the SAGE complex. |
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http://www.yelavich.com/mphotos/sage.htm
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| | Expert About sa:Sage |
| | The integrated radar and computer technology that was developed for SAGE also contributed significantly to the development of civilian air traffic control systems. | | | Considering the functionality obtained from a couple of early-PC-sized computers, SAGE was one of the engineering marvels of the century. | | | In 1979, the SAGE control centers were replaced by Regional Operations Control Centers (ROCC), as new high-speed digital computers replaced the old "Clyde" systems. |
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http://www.expertsite.biz/dir/sa/sage.htm
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| | Box 4.1: Project Whirlwind and SAGE 4: The Organization of Federal Support: A Historical Review Funding a Revolution: ... |
| | SAGE, an air-defense system designed to protect against enemy bombers, made several important contributions to computing in areas as diverse as computer graphics, time-sharing, digital communications, and ferrite-core memories. | | | SAGE was a driving force behind the formation of the American computer and electronics industry (Freeman, 1995, p. | | | On the hardware side, Whirlwind and SAGE pioneered magnetic-core memory, digital phone-line transmission and modems, the light pen (one of the first graphical user interfaces), and duplexed computers. |
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http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/far/ch4_b1.html
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| | IBM SAGE |
| | IBM developed the computer (based upon the earlier AN/FSQ-7 and AN/FSQ-8 SAGE computers), but the SuperSAGE facilities were cancelled. | | | There were 22 SAGE computer pairs and associated consoles, communications gear,... | | | With 23 direction centers situated on the nation's northern, eastern, and western boundaries, SAGE pioneered the use of computer control over large, geographically distributed systems. |
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http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/vs-ibm-sage.html
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| | Charles Babbage Institute: RESEARCH PROGRAM> Current research |
| | AN/FSQ-7 is the name given by the U.S. Air Force to the executive program or operating system of the Whirlwind II computer for the comprehensive SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) system. | | | As its designers explained, one of the most important functions of the system was to coordinate and schedule inputs received from operators at remote SAGE air defense installations, and return outputs as directed from the central direction center. | | | Morton M. Astrahan and John F. Jacobs, “History of the Design of the SAGE Computer: The AN/FSQ-7,&; Annals of the History of Computing 5 (October 1983): 340-49. |
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http://www.cbi.umn.edu/shp/entries/anfsq7.html
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| | SAGE |
| | The heart of SAGE was a gigantic computer, the AN/FSQ7, which weighed in at over 250 tons, requiring a 3,000-kilowat power supply and a massive air conditioning system. | | | A technological marvel with its mammoth computer, radar, long distance data communications and ground-to-air radar links, SAGE, unfortunately, was vulnerable to electronic countermeasures and jamming. | | | Not a lot compared to today's gigabyte hardware, but it was twenty years ahead of personal computers. |
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http://www.espritdecorps.ca/new_page_115.htm
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| | The 50s: Preparing the Ground 1 |
| | The UNIVAC 1 (UNIVersal Automatic Computer) is sold (Eckert and Mauchly). | | | The post-war period is marked by some very important developments which were to pave the ground for the modern computer. | | | Development of the military network SAGE (Semi Automatic Ground Environment) ancestor of NORAD, TACS, SACS... |
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http://www.history-of-call.org/poster13-1.htm
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| | howard rheingold's tools for thought |
| | Licklider beefed up the support to the MIT Cambridge laboratory where AI researchers were working on their own approach to "multi-access computing." Project MAC, as this branch became known, was the single node in the research network where AI and computer systems design were, for a few more years, cooperative rather than divergent. | | | MAC was one of the most important meeting grounds of both the AI prodigies of the 1970s and the software designers of the 1980s. | | | Whirlwind, the purpose of which was to act as a kind of flight simulator, was in many ways the first hardware ancestor of the personal computer, because it was designed to be operated by a single "test pilot." It was also used for modeling aerodynamic equations. |
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http://www.rheingold.com/texts/tft/7.html
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| | North American F-86L Sabre |
| | The SAGE system was developed during the early 1950s by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory. | | | The F-86L was the designation given to late-1950s conversions of existing USAF F-86Ds to use the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) datalink system. | | | Under a project code-named Project Follow-On, starting in May of 1956, certain low-time F-86D interceptors were withdrawn one-by-one from service and fitted with the upgrade. |
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http://home.att.net/~jbaugher1/p86_18.html
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| | Section 2: The emergence of computer graphics |
| | The last of the Whirlwind-based SAGE computers was shut down in 1983, giving the Whirlwind a record for practical operational longevity among digital computers. | | | Besides the innovations related to computing hardware and software technology, the Whirlwind and SAGE projects helped to open the door to the computer graphics discipline by providing the CRT as a viable display and interaction interface, and introduced the light pen as an important input device. | | | General computer languages were thus enabled, which created an environment that encouraged a significantly larger universe of computer users and applications. |
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http://accad.osu.edu/%7Ewaynec/history/lesson2.html
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| | A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Jay Forrester |
| | Forrester implemented the development of the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system from Whirlwind-based prototypes. | | | Forrester changed the Navy's initial plan for an analog computer to a digital system after seeing the ENIAC model. | | | (Most computer development during World War II and the postwar period was funded by the military; the Army, for example, had sponsored the ENIAC project.) The Navy project evolved into the Whirlwind computer, and later into the SAGE air defense system. |
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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/btforr.html
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| | Wired 7.11: Modern Art |
| | In addition to automating assembly-line coordination, the PDP-8 aggregated data before sending it to a mainframe computer. | | | IBM's massive SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) system for air-defense radar processing helped calm '50s societal hysteria over the possibility of a renegade Russian bomber. | | | By the time the $5 billion SAGE system was fully deployed, it was obsolete, no match for the speed of new ICBMs. |
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http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/7.11/computer.html?pg=3
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| | Computer-aided visualisation of archaeological caves |
| | A VE can be defined as a three-dimensional, interactive, realistic, and real-time computer generated simulation. | | | One of the most effective Virtual Environments is the Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) system (Cruz-Neira et al., 1993), developed by the Electronic Visualisation Lab, University of Illinois, Chicago. | | | Currently there exists a potential threat to the usability of virtual environments: some users experience discomfort during a session in a simulated environment. |
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http://www.shef.ac.uk/~capra/3/sellers.html
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| | Post World War II Radar in Defence of Canada -- Annex F The History of the C&E Branch - |
| | In 1958 the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment System (SAGE) was added to the system. | | | In 1954 it was decided to partly automate the Pinetree system and the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) System was introduced. | | | This system was introduced in the early 1960s and utilized computers to do routine functions while retaining human decision making. |
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http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/airdef/annexf.htm
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| | Networking Milestones |
| | The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system for U.S. air defence was designed and developed in the 1950s by the Lincoln Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). | | | Much of the technology developed specifically for SAGE has since become commonplace. | | | This required the development of appropriate networks to support multiuser and multitasking environments. |
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http://bedford.gcal.ac.uk/staff_www/lawr/FWSD/Lectures/Lecture_1/Topic3.html
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| | IBM Research Who we are History 1945-1998 |
| | The SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) computer is declared fully operational. | | | Built under contract to MIT's Lincoln Laboratories for the North American Air Defense System, Sage was the first system to operate in real time. | | | For the first time, engineers and scientists can write computer programs in more natural forms, such as C=A/B rather than as strings of "machine language: 1s and 0s. |
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http://www.research.ibm.com/about/past_history.shtml
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| | Internet Timeline |
| | SAGE is only semi-automatic in the sense that it requires a human operator. | | | The Whirlwind is succeeded by the SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment), a huge machine that can collect data from various radars, interpret "data relating to unidentified aircraft", and point missiles at incoming threats. | | | The SAGE inspires a few thinkers, including JCR Licklider at the MIT Lincoln Lab, to see computing in a new light. |
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http://wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/ReadingRoom/VID/jfk/timeline.htm
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| | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| | The Whirlwind and Forrester were moved to the Digital Computer Lab and started focusing on using the computer for graphics displays, for air traffic control and gunfire control, and became part of the government's SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) program. | | | Jay Forrester of the Servomechanisms Lab was chosen by Gordon Brown to develop the Whirlwind computer in the mid-40s. |
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http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/tree/mit.html
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| | James T. Humberd - Computer Memories |
| | A little later, when it became publicly known as the SAGE Air Defense System [Semi-Automatic Ground Environment], each computer system and the people to run it filled a four story building, 150 feet square, and was at least partly as powerful as my first little desk-top Macintosh Plus. | | | The computer used for the test version of SAGE was MIT's huge hand-built computer called Whirlwind (built before IBM or UNIVAC computers were readily available), connected with special RADAR stations out on Cape Cod. | | | When RAND received the contract to install the SAGE Air Defense System, a study showed there were only a few hundred people in the world who knew what a computer program was, and we needed a thousand of them. |
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http://www.computer.org/portal/site/annals/menuitem.8933248930f8c11dbe1fbe108bcd45f3/index.jsp?&pName=annals_level1&path=annals/an2004&file=memories03.xml&xsl=article.xsl&
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| | Iterations: An interdisciplinary journal of software history |
| | The ARPANET was designed to link heterogeneous computing environments. | | | The more sophisticated U.S. military SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) system, conceptualized in 1946 and put into operation in 1963, linked radar and computing centers for real-time processing for early warning of enemy bombers. | | | As network connections proliferated, the heterogeneity of both the computing environments and the social groups with access to and influence on the network increased. |
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http://www.cbi.umn.edu/iterations/kilker.html
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| | Semi |
| | "Semi" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 55.87% of the time. | | | Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | | | Mining the Web: Analysis of Hypertext and Semi Structured Data (reference) |
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http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/se/semi.html
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| | MITRE - News and Events - MITRE Publications - The MITRE Digest - Advanced Research - MITRE Fuels Its Own Innovation ... |
| | As the system evolved, SAGE broke new ground in numerous technologies, including radar, communications, computers, and information displays. | | | Designed after World War II as a new air defense system to protect the United States from long-range bombers and other weapons, the SAGE system sent information from geographically dispersed radars over telephone lines and gathered it at a central location for processing by a newly designed, large-scale digital computer. | | | The Broadcast News Navigator—built on our novel algorithms for speech, language, and image processing—takes broadcast news and automatically segments, clusters, and summarizes the stories, customizing information for each user. |
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http://www.mitre.org/news/digest/advanced_research/07_05/ar_innovation.html
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| | Drafting Dan by Robert Heinlein from The Door Into Summer at Technovelgy.com |
| | The first true CAD (Computer Aided Design) systems emerged in the 1960's; the first was The Electronic Drafting Machine, which used PDP-1 computer from DEC (Digital Equipment Corp., a vector-refresh display and a disk memory device used to refresh the graphic display. | | | In the mid-1950's the US Air Force developed SAGE (Semi Automatic Ground Environment) for air defense; it provided one key component; a cathode ray tube to show computer-processed information (in this case, radar and other data). | | | This novel was published in 1956, which I believe was before the use of computers in drafting. |
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http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/content.asp?Bnum=581
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| | DDJ>0085 |
| | Over the course of its ten-year development, SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) was the most ambitious computer project ever undertaken, one that occupied over 800 programmers and the technical resources of some of America's largest corporations. | | | The year was 1953 and this mammoth task was known as the SAGE system--a continental air-defense network commissioned by the U.S. military. | | | It may be difficult to believe, but at one time, 20 percent of the world's programmers were working on a single project. |
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http://www.ddj.com/articles/2000/0085/0085a/0085a.htm
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| | Paul Virilio |
| | Numerous innovations in computer technology were spin- offs of the effective installation of this warning system, which used a real- time radar network for the very first time. | | | One example we might cite is the notion of time- sharing, the coupling of the computer and the telephone that would give rise to TELEMATICS, computer simulation and even the beginnings of digital imagery.... | | | he automatic or servomotor appliance and what is called artificial or motor- brain intelligence were soon confused in people's minds! |
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http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/Virilio/Virilio_ArtoftheMotor2.html
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| | Wizards, Bureaucrats, Warriors & Hackers |
| | “The open environment needed to develop new technologies,” they write “is consistent with the cry for more democracy that students and others raised throughout the world during the 1960s.” Not surprisingly, the builders of the APRANET were well aware of this context. | | | Indeed, the rapid growth of Computer Science as an academic discipline in the 1960s and 1970s paralleled and fostered the rapid growth of the Net. | | | Computer scientists got to pursue their research; corporations like IBM built their dominance of the computer industry with the help of the massive SAGE contract. |
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http://chnm.gmu.edu/assets/historyessays/wizards.html
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| | CHRONO-2 |
| | Aiken begins design work on the MARK I automatic digital computer, also to be known as the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator ((ASCC). | | | APT (Automatically Programmed Tool) programming language is developed. | | | Under a grant from the U.S. Office of Education, development of a multiple access computer system for large university libraries was begun at Stanford University. |
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http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/01HISTORYCD-Chrono1.htm
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| | SAGE from FOLDOC |
| | Nearby terms: safety-critical system « saga « sagan « SAGE » SAIC » SAID » SAIL |
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http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?SAGE
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| | A BRIEF HISTORY |
| | The pioneering integrated radar and computer technology that was developed for SAGE also contributed significantly to the development of air traffic control systems. | | | At Hanscom Field, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s new Lincoln Laboratory (1951) and its spinoff, the MITRE Corporation (1958), had worked to bring the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) air defense system to completion. | | | Center programs developed automated systems for air tasking orders, weather, mission planning, and management information, together with enhanced force protection for Air Force personnel on the ground. |
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http://esc.hanscom.af.mil/ESC-HO/ESCHistory.htm
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| | New York Post Online Edition: learncenter |
| | ARPA developed the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE), which could receive information directly through telephone lines. | | | The Domain Name System, or DNS automatically matches domain names like www.nypost.com to an IP address. | | | SAGE could also receive data from radar and tracking devices. |
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http://www.nypost.com/learncenter/cextra/102803/class.htm
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| | Encyclopedia4U - SAGE Project - Encyclopedia Article |
| | SAGE is widely regarded as a land mark system in computer engineering because it used, non-experimentally, so many technologies critical to IT today, such as real time systems, interactive user interfaces, networked systems and large scale system integration, common data access, modular design and high reliability. | | | SAGE was also capable of comparing tracks with filed flight plans to detect aircraft for which no information was available. | | | The system, consisting of a network of about two dozen IBM AN/FSQ-7 (Whirlwind) computers, three radar detection networks and hundreds of operators, tracked and identified air craft approaching the US and Canada. |
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http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/s/sage-project.html
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| | System Development Corporation |
| | The System Development Division was established in 1955 to prepare SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) system training programs. | | | Burroughs and SDC had worked together early in the SAGE program. | | | The RAND Corporation was a non-profit group incorporated in 1948 by technical engineers and military people who worked together during World War II. |
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http://www.cahighways.org/aboutme/sdc.html
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| | sdcorp |
| | SAGE was the "first computer-based, real-time, online, manmachine system;" and "it revolutionized the information industry by spanning the prehistoric computer era of serial batch processing and the modern world of interactive systems;" (The System Builders, p.20) | | | SDC grew out of the Rand Corp.'s System Research Laboratory (a USAF think-tank) and an MIT Lincoln Labs project - SAGE(Semi-Automatic Ground Environment), an air defense system. | | | Contains the records of the SDC, including a history file with information about the RAND Corporation, the System Development Division, and the SDC; Also contains correspondence, meetings and minutes, symposiums and presentations, poduct literature, technical iterature, reports, and a subject file; unpublished inventory available from the repository; Forms part of the Burroughs Corporations Records. |
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http://www.asis.org/Features/Pioneers/sdcorp.htm
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| | Common Knowledge - WINNER PROFILE: THE MITRE CORP. - CIO Magazine February 1, 1999 |
| | Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) air defense system—the first digital electronic command and control system to monitor U.S. airspace in real-time. | | | From an affiliation of fiefdoms, Mitre Information Infrastructure (MII) has helped Mitre evolve to a collaborative environment wherein personnel, planning and project information is shared routinely. | | | Since 1996, Mitre has invested $7.19 million in MII, with an estimated return of $54.91 million in reduced costs and increased productivity. |
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http://www.cio.com/archive/020199_mitre.html
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| | Lecture 1 |
| | Foundation - conservation of radiative energy in a closed environment | | | Surfaces in real world environments receive light in 3 ways: | | | Sage Air Defence System (Semi Automatic Ground Environment) |
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http://csis.pace.edu/~marchese/CG/Lect1/Lecture_1.html
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| | Computer History Museum |
| | 1958SAGE — Semi-Automatic Ground Environment — linked hundreds of radar stations in the United States and Canada in the first large-scale computer communications network. | | | -->1958SAGE — Semi-Automatic Ground Environment — linked hundreds of radar stations in the United States and Canada in the first large-scale computer communications network. | | | We wish you also further much success with your Website! |
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http://www.elxa.com/Detailed/530744.html
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| | NORAD Selected Chronology |
| | This marked the beginning of the changeover from the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system to the Joint Surveillance System (JSS) radar configuration in the 25th NORAD Region. | | | 26 Jan 59 -- First Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) Division became operational in Syracuse, NY. | | | Sep 60 -- BMEWS Site No. 1, Thule Air Base, Greenland, detection radars reached initial operational capability -- first operation of BMEWS. |
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http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/airdef/norad-chron.htm
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| | SAGE System Map - c. 1958 |
| | NOTE: This map shows what was, at the time, the 'PLANNED' Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) System. | | | A number of SAGE Direction Centers, Control Centers, and Gap-Filler Radar Sites shown on the map were never deployed, mostly due to budgetary limitations. |
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http://www.radomes.org/museum/documents/SAGEMap58.html
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| | Computer History Museum - Exhibits - Internet History |
| | The SAGE (Semi Automatic Ground Environment), based on earlier work at MIT and IBM, is fully deployed as the North American early warning system. | | | Leonard Kleinrock completes his doctoral dissertation at MIT on queuing theory in communication networks, and becomes an assistant professor at UCLA. | | | This project provides experience in the development of the SABRE air travel reservation system and later air traffic control systems. |
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http://www.computerhistory.org/exhibits/internet_history
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| | Server Operating Systems Technical Comparison |
| | And the weighting of technical issues varies by application and environment. | | | For example, a particular feature may be absolutely essential to one organization, important to another, trivial to a third, and an unacceptable impediment to a fourth. |
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http://www.osdata.com
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| | Unisys History Newsletter v3n4 |
| | A ground guidance computer, as the name indicates, stayed on the ground and transmitted instructions to the missile. | | | The massive SAGE (semi-automatic ground environment) system built by IBM during the 1950s for the North American air defense system was for command and control, not for missile guidance. | | | When vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors, it became possible to have computers of smaller size and greater reliability. |
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http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/people/randy.carpenter/folklore/v3n4.html
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