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| | INSTRUCTIONS FOR ICSLP96 AUTHORS |
 | | Results show that Function Words are more likely to begin with a vowel than Content Words are; in addition, when an onset consonant is specified, it is less likely to be a stop consonant for a Function Word than for a Content Word. | | | For example, 16% of the FWds in the lexicon begin with a stop, while 34% of CWds are stop-initial. | | | Similar results were found for the distribution in the lexicon and in the text. |
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http://web.simmons.edu/~veilleux/fw_project/00000813a.htm
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| | HLW: Word Forms: Units: Consonants 1 |
| | But this is not the only way to make consonants. | | | We have seen how the vowels of languages can be described in terms of values on a small number of dimensions, or equivalently, features. | | | In this section, we'll only consider those places that are relevant for English. |
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http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/PhonUnits/consonants1.html
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| | [No title] |
| | The error estimate in detection of sonorant consonants is high because boundaries between vowels and sonorant consonants are not well defined and there is a lot of overlap in the training data. | | | We are developing an acoustic-phonetic approach to speech recognition in which speech is first segmented into broad classes - vowel, stop, fricative, sonorant consonant and silence. | | | A classifier is built for each of the classes — vowel, sonorant consonant, fricative, stop and silence. |
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http://www.isr.umd.edu/Labs/SCL/publications/paper003.doc
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| | Affricate consonant - Open Encyclopedia |
| | The reason why they're considered to be sequences of stop plus fricative is that beyond mere phonetics, English [ts] and [dz] are analyzed into different morphemes (e.g. | | | Affricates and sequences of stop plus fricatives may also be distinguished in languages that don't contrast them, e.g. | | | Worldwide, only a few languages have affricates in these positions, even though the corresponding stop consonants are virtually universal. |
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http://open-encyclopedia.com/Affricate
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| | Lithuanian2 |
| | Perceptual optimization (Seo and Hume 2000; Steriade 2000): In the expected (but non-occurring) unmetathesized form (VSkC), the stop would be flanked by consonants and thus, be in a context with poor perceptual cues (absence of vowel formant transitions, potential absence of release burst, compressed duration (masking) of phonetic cues). | | | For more information about metathesis in this language, click on the following links: | | | Metathesis occurs when the fricative/stop sequence is preceded by a vowel. |
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http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~ehume/metathesis/Lithuanian
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| | Consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The following tables list all the consonants listed by the IPA. | | | Dictionary of All-Consonant Words: a free online dictionary with over 1,000 words with no vowels and examples of usage from literature. | | | Since the number of consonants in the world's languages is much greater than the number of consonant letters in most alphabets, linguists have devised systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to assign a unique symbol to each possible consonant. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant
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| | Far |
| | There are no words with /s/ adjacent to a stop other than velar in the relevant context for metathesis so it is not possible to test whether the process occurs with all stops or just the velar. | | | No suffixes begin with stops at other places of articulation so again, it is not possible to determine whether all stops trigger the process, though it is reasonable to assume that that would be the case given the similar patterning of stops in other processes (see Related Processes). | | | Metathesis applies when /sk+t/ is preceded by a vowel or a nasal consonant, but fails to apply when the sequence is preceded by a liquid. |
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http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~ehume/metathesis/Faroese.html
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| | Thai Language - Tone Rules |
| | You must also consider the class of the initial consonants (low, middle or high) and if they are live or dead syllables. | | | You may already know that there are four tone marks but these are not always necessary or even used to show which tone to be used. | | | The latter is worked out by looking at the vowel sound (short or long) and whether the final consonant is a sonorant final (voiced) or a stop final (unvoiced). |
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http://www.learningthai.com/tone_rules.html
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| | Church Slavonic Pronunciation - Help Me Learn Church Slavonic |
| | Does cause palatalization of a preceding neutral consonant (when is not in syllable initial position)? | | | preiotated ; preiotated in word-initial and after a vowel; can cause palatalization of a preceding neutral consonant when is not in syllable initial position | | | voiced bilabial stop, neutral consonant (may be palatalized or not, depending on the follwing vowel) |
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http://www.justin.zamora.com/slavonic/alphabet/pronunciation.html
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| | Fricative consonant |
| | Ubykh may be the language with the most fricatives, with 26. | | | This number actually outstrips the number of all consonants in English (which has 24 consonants). | | | Fricative consonants are produced by air flowing through a narrow channel made by placing two articulating organs close together (e.g. |
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http://www.1-free-software.com/en/wikipedia/f/fr/fricative_consonant.html
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| | Stop consonant: Information From Answers.com |
| | Stops may be made with more than one airstream mechanism. | | | Note that there are many languages where the features voice, aspiration, and length reinforce each other, and in such cases it may be hard to tell which of these features predominates. | | | Russian and other Slavic languages have words that begin with [dn], which can be seen in the name of the Dnieper River. |
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http://www.answers.com/topic/stop-consonant-1
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| | stop - definition by dict.die.net |
| | Stop valve, a valve that can be closed or opened at will, as by hand, for preventing or regulating flow, as of a liquid in a pipe; -- in distinction from a valve which is operated by the action of the fluid it restrains. | | | Occult qualities put a stop to the improvement of natural philosophy. | | | That which stops, impedes, or obstructs; as obstacle; an impediment; an obstruction. |
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http://dict.die.net/stop
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| | Phonetic Transcription Workshop |
| | There are two kinds of language sounds: consonants and vowels. | | | Here's an example of what I mean by the stability of consonants and the variability of vowels, both across time and across the English-speaking world at a given time. | | | There are two basic ways of making consonants: voiced and unvoiced. |
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http://www.uta.edu/english/tim/courses/4301f98/2sept.html
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| | APStracts 6:0382N, 1999. |
| | This abrupt change in consonant identification is an example of categorical speech perception, and is a central feature of phonetic discrimination. | | | Syllables with a VOT of 40, 60 or 80 msec evoked components time-locked to consonant release and voicing onset. | | | Furthermore, AEPs exhibit features that may facilitate categorical perception of stop consonants, and these response patterns appear to be based on temporal processing limitations within auditory cortex. |
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http://www.uth.tmc.edu/apstracts/1999/jn/August/382n.html
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| | Ling 120 Lab #2 stimuli |
| | To allow for various combinations of preceding consonant + voiced stop, we designed two-word phrases in which the first word ends with the "context" consonant and the second word starts with the crucial voiced stop. | | | Because we are combining three voiced-stop words with five consonant-context words, there are 15 two-word phrases that we will measure. | | | To help keep speech rate, intonation, and other factors as uniform as possible, we decided to embed each two-word phrase in a frame sentence, Say ____ again. |
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http://www.unc.edu/~jlsmith/ling120/stimuli.html
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| | CONSONANT - Definition |
| | All the consonants excepting the mutes may be indefinitely, prolonged in utterance without the help of a vowel, and even the mutes may be produced with an aspirate instead of a vocal explosion. | | | All of them are sounds uttered through a closer position of the organs than that of a vowel proper, although the most open of them, as the semivowels and nasals, are capable of being used as if vowels, and forming syllables with other closer consonants, as in the English feeble (-b'l), taken (-k'n). | | | That where much is given there shall be much required is a thing consonant with natural equity. |
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http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/consonant
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| | Source variations |
| | The different glottal adjustments for the two consonants are clearly reflected in the patterns of change in the maximum flow. | | | For example, the voice source has to be turned off and on again for the production of a voiceless consonant. | | | The overall pattern is the same for all the individual repetitions, but they differ in the actual values of the air flow, most likely due to different intensities. |
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http://www.ldc.lu.se/logopedi/department/andy/Phonation/Souce_variations.html
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| | International Computer Science Institute Talks |
| | Using a combination of classical perception experimentation, digital signal processing, and machine learning techniques, I evaluate previous accounts for asymmetries in stop place confusions (such as lexical frequency and markedness). | | | The results show that when the acoustic signal is ambiguous, listeners rely on any factor available to them, including extra-phonetic factors, to categorize speech. | | | Stop place identification studies of consonant vowel sequences (CVs) in English (and many other languages) report similar patterns: Listener errors vary by stop place, the following vowel, and confusion direction. |
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http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/talks/previous/2001/Plauche.html
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| | Glottal consonant: Information From Answers.com |
| | Many phoneticians consider them be states of the glottis without a point of articulation as other consonants have. | | | The Hawaiian language writes the glottal stop as an opening single quote ‘. | | | That is, they should be in the IPA "other" chart. |
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http://www.answers.com/topic/glottal-consonant
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| | Formant Transitions |
| | Early research on the perception of stop consonants | | | However, at the moment of release of the stop constriction the resonances of the vocal tract change rapidly. | | | Using this device, it was discovered that the direction and extent of second and third formant transitions were sufficient to determine the perception of "place of articulation" (constrictor type). |
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http://sapir.ling.yale.edu:16080/ling120/Consonants/Ca.html
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| | Re: Stop consonant identification based on initial spectra? (Abeer Alwan ) |
| | Diane Kewley-Port (1983) modified the fixed time window of Stevens and Blumstein with a running spectral display to include the initial 40 ms of the vowel onset as well. | | | James J. Hant and Abeer Alwan, "A Psychoacoustic-Masking Model to Predict the Perception of Speech-Like Stimuli in Noise," Speech Communication, Vol. | | | Re: Stop consonant identification based on initial spectra? |
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http://www.auditory.org/postings/2005/172.html
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| | SPA3112 Notes |
| | Primary dimensions of consonant production (see classification of English consonants, p. | | | In cases where a nasal follows a stop at the same place of articulation (homorganic), the stop consonant is not release orally, instead the release occurs when the velum lowers (called nasal plosion, as in hidden, chutney) | | | Transcriptions of glides used only in syllable onset position, as the cases of diphthongs that end similar to these phonemes are transcribed with vowel symbols |
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http://www.cas.usf.edu/~frisch/SPA3112_Fall01_L06.html
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| | Name: |
| | Which of the following words demonstrate "nasal release" in which the stop is absorbed into the nasal? | | | Ladefoged notes that "The amount of voicing in each of the stops [b,d,g] depends on the context in which it occurs." If voicing does not always distinguish syllable-initial [b,d,g] from [p,t,k] in English, what does? | | | In both nasal and lateral release, there is no intervening vowel between the released consonant and the following nasal or lateral. |
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http://www.chss.montclair.edu/linguistics/lingpage/faculty/fitz/phonet/www9.htm
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| | Lateral consonant |
| | Rarer lateral consonants include the sound of Welsh ll, which is a voiceless lateral fricative, and the retroflex laterals as can be found in most Hindustani languages. | | | One, found before vowels (as in lady or fly), is called clear [l], pronounced with a "neutral" position of the body of the tongue. | | | in several native language families of North America and aboriginal Australian ones) have whole systems of several different lateral fricatives and affricates in their consonant inventories. |
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http://mywiseowl.com/articles/Lateral_consonant
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| | CUI 613 - Linguistics for ESL Teachers - PHONETICS |
| | the consonant phonemes [kp], [gb], [mb] and [nd] are coarticulated phonemes. | | | Two simultaneous points of articulation are required to produce these sounds. | | | You may use Fromkin/Rodman as your guide but you will have to include the coarticulated consonants. |
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http://www.uncg.edu/cui/courses/coleman/613/content/mendephoneticsproject.html
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| | CATEGORICAL PERCEPTION IN DYSLEXIC AND |
| | We expected that the degree of difficulty would influence the difference between the performance of the dyslexics and normal readers, the difference becoming more pronounced if the contrast is harder to perceive. | | | Pols, L.C.W. “Three-mode principal component analysis of confusion matrices, based on the identification of Dutch consonants, under various conditions of noise and reverberation”, Speech Communication, 2, 275-293. | | | / continua have shown that this stop consonant contrast is perceived particularly categorically (Repp, 1984). |
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http://fonsg3.let.uva.nl/Proceedings/Proceedings22/CarolineSchwippert/CarolineSchwippert1998.html
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| | Nasal consonant |
| | A nasal is a sound produced when the air is allowed to escape through the nose, while its oral passage may be blocked by the lips or tongue (a nasal stop) or opened (a nasal vowel). |
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http://www.1-free-software.com/en/wikipedia/n/na/nasal_consonant.html
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| | PLOSIVE - Definition |
| | [n] a consonant produced by stopping air at some point and suddenly releasing it; "his stop consonants are too aspirated" | | | hard, occlusive, plosive consonant, plosive speech sound, stop, stop consonant | | | click, consonant, explosion, glottal catch, glottal plosive, glottal stop, implosion, labial stop, plosion, suction stop |
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http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/plosive
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| | IPA - Consonants |
| | The following table displays and describes the different IPA consonants. | | | Click on a symbol to hear an audio clip. |
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http://www.ku.edu/~cmed/ipafolder/cons.html
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| | Chapter 3. Consonants |
| | Length differences associated with voiced and voiceless final stop consonants |
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http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter3/3consonants.html
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| | Untitled Document |
| | Phonetics website - click on "Launch English library" then on "Stops" | | | Describe differences in stops due to voicing and place of articulation | | | Describe the three phases of stop consonant production |
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http://www.unm.edu/~atneel/shs330/lec16.htm
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