Voiced <b>alveolar</b<

Voiced <b>alveolar</b< - CompWisdom

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Topic: Voiced <b>alveolar</b<

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<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>Voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> Plosives

The trouble starts where a voiceless plosive is not aspirated in an environment where we would expect it to be aspirated, or where <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> plosives have more aspiration than normal.
So, once you know the context, you should not have too much trouble distinguishing between the allophonically unaspirated voiceless plosives and the normally unaspirated <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> plosives, because voiceless plosives become unaspirated in predictable environments, environments in which the <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> plosives cannot occur.
<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>Voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> plosives are characterized by complete closure in the oral cavity, a build-up of pressure during which vibration of the vocal folds continues, and sudden release.

http://cslu.cse.ogi.edu/tutordemos/SpectrogramReading/cse551html/cse551/node37.html (822 words)



The International Phonetic Alphabet

This is the <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> analog of the previous.
fricative) is <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> in the former and voiceless in the latter.
Nasals and approximants are <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> (except when whispered), because it is hard to hear them when they are not: a laminar (the opposite of turbulent) flow of air not accompanied by a vibration of the vocal cords is all but inaudible.

http://www.eleves.ens.fr:8080/home/madore/misc/linguistic/ipa (822 words)



The International Phonetic Alphabet

This is the <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> analog of the previous.
fricative) is <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> in the former and voiceless in the latter.
Dentals, <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> and postalveolar consonants use the same symbols except for fricatives: if necessary, diacritics can be used to mark them apart; the standard version is <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> (though in my opinion, the approximant used to mark the English ‘r’ (lowercase turned r, number 151) is distinctly postalveolar, even slightly retroflex).

http://www.eleves.ens.fr:8080/home/madore/misc/linguistic/ipa (7060 words)



The International Phonetic Alphabet

This is the <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> analog of the previous.
fricative) is <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> in the former and voiceless in the latter.
The lateral quality is not really a “place of articulation” and can be combined with other properties of the consonants: for example, [l] is a (laminal or apical) <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> lateral approximant (which is further velarized in some cases in English).

http://www.madore.org/~david/misc/linguistic/ipa (7060 words)



Implosive consonant

Imploded affricates occur in Kung-Ekoka and Hendo (a Bantu language).
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, implosives are indicated by writing a plosive consonant with a hook top.
Implosives are commonplace among the Sub-Saharan African languages, are widespread in Southeast Asia, and are found in a few languages of the Amazon Basin.

http://www.firebird.cn/wiki/Implosive_consonant (556 words)



The International Phonetic Alphabet

The lateral quality is not really a “place of articulation” and can be combined with other properties of the consonants: for example, [l] is a (laminal or apical) <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> lateral approximant (which is further velarized in some cases in English).
Dentals, <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> and postalveolar consonants use the same symbols except for fricatives : if necessary, diacritics can be used to mark them apart; the standard version is <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> (though in my opinion, the approximant used to mark the English ‘r’ (lowercase turned r, number 151) is distinctly postalveolar, even slightly retroflex).
An empty square means that the sound is (presumably) possible, but no symbol has been defined (because no language uses it, or because it is just as convenient to use diacritics over an existing symbol).

http://www.eleves.ens.fr:8080/home/madore/misc/linguistic/ipa (556 words)



Phonology

So /<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>/ is <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> and /p/ is the unvoiced consonant in one pair, while <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> /g/ and voiceless /k/ form another pair.
Investigating the connection can be challenging, however, since social class is an artificial construct.
These are either the SIL IPA fonts (such as SILdoulosIPA) or Unicode fonts (like Lucida Sans Unicode, which I have used in this document).

http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/phonology.htm (556 words)



Bandwidth Market, Ltd

As an example transformation weight calculation, consider the phoneme symbol pair (/<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>/) {<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> bilabial stop}, and /d/ {palato-<bb>>alveolarb>bb>>}.
The values of.alpha..sub.i were assigned by a speech expert and are shown in Table III.
The "realization" feature type is preferably a sequence of binary features.

http://www.bandwidthnews.com/resources/patents/data5/6073099.html (556 words)



The Affricates

The phoneme sequences which the affricates most resemble are /th s/ and /d z/ which occur in the plural of nouns ending with <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> plosives, such as ``bats'' or ``pods.'' In the spectrogram these endings show up as a brief plosive burst passing immediately into frication.
These phoneme sequences could be considered affricates; in English, however, they occur only in syllable-final position and are thus considered as allophones of a plosive plus a fricative.
The plosive component is detectable as a single bar just to the side of the frication portion of the phoneme; sometimes, however, the plosion is very weak and the affricates can be confused with the fricatives.

http://cslu.cse.ogi.edu/tutordemos/SpectrogramReading/cse551html/cse551/node40.html (428 words)



LINGUIST List 5.806: Proposal for an ASCII version of IPA, v.2.13 revised

The 1993 version of IPA treats implosives as inherently <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>, but it seems likely that voiceless implosives will be assigned their own symbols some day soon.
This operator may optionally be placed *before* the operand, in keeping with usual practice among computer users.
The following tables follow the arrangement of the chart published in the Journal of the IPA for ease of reference.

http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/linguist/issues/5/5-806.html (1757 words)



Fricative consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The alveolars and dentals may also be either apical or laminal, but this difference is indicated with diacritics rather than with separate symbols.
Sibilants may be dental, <bb>>alveolarb>bb>>, postalveolar, or palatal (retroflex).
No language distinguishes <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> fricatives from approximants at these places, so the same symbol is used for both.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant (1757 words)



Encyclopedia: <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>Voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> plosive

<bb>>Alveolarb>bb>> consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth.
Its place of articulation is <bb>>alveolarb>bb>>, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue against the <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
The Archi language of the Dagestani family has a voiceless velar lateral fricative that is clearly a fricated, although further forward than velars in many languages, and might better be called pre-velar.

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Voiced-alveolar-plosive (3654 words)



LINGUIST List 5.806: Proposal for an ASCII version of IPA, v.2.13 revised

<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>Voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> h could perhaps be written h$, on graphic grounds, but it has been written h" instead.
This operator may optionally be placed *before* the operand, in keeping with usual practice among computer users.
The following tables follow the arrangement of the chart published in the Journal of the IPA for ease of reference.

http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/linguist/issues/5/5-806.html (3654 words)



jane07.cha

%err: [%fnt: Monaco:9] <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> palato-<bb>>alveolarb>bb>> affricate replaced by <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> plosive in "Jenny"; second syllable of "dressing" omitted; *CHI: MummyÕs spoon.
%err: [%fnt: Monaco:9] <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> palato-<bb>>alveolarb>bb>> affricate replaced by <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> plosive; *CHI: orange clinic [= orange from the clinic].
%err: [%fnt: Monaco:9] voiceless palato-<bb>>alveolarb>bb>> affricate replaced by voiceless <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> plosive; *CHI: Daddy work [= DaddyÕs going to work].

http://www.cyber.sccs.chukyo-u.ac.jp/JCHAT/clan/eng/crutten/jane07.cha (3654 words)



Nasal Sounds: a review of articulatory and acoustic properties

This problem can occur whenever there is a cleft palate and paralysis of the palatal musclature (Tiffany and Carrell, 1977).
Nasalalized vowels are produced similarly to nasal consonants, except that the oral cavity is not completely blocked which results in air flowing freely through both the nasal and oral cavities.
The acoustic attributes of nasal sounds are distinct from those of other sounds by their stable concentration of energy in the lower frequency regions, the presence of a first formant at around 300 Hz, and little energy in the areas around 600 Hz due to the presence of an antiformant.

http://www.u-aizu.ac.jp/%7Esteeve/annual95.html (3654 words)



Pronunciation

Voice is non-phonemic, so it is fully comprehensible to always keep t, s, k, x, sj and hj devoiced.
Please note that there is a strict difference between <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> `hj' (<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> palatal fricative) and `j' (<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> palatal approximant).
However, in a <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> context, these consonants tend to be <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>, too.

http://www.theiling.org/conlang/s2/node4.html (3654 words)



Introduction to Segmental Phonology: Sound Index

The following is an index of the <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> segments currently found in the feature database.
A short phonetic description is linked to a page with details about each segment.

http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/projects/featuresoftware/browse_sounds?soundset=13 (40 words)



Encyclopedia: Serbo-Croatian language

The <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
The <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and typical consonants.

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Serbo_Croatian-language (40 words)



ips_pd_tutorial

The final <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> plosive is also devoiced because it is not surrounded by <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> sounds.
However, when it is immediately preceded by a voiceless plosive, which in turn is in a position where it would be aspirated, the approximant is wholly or partially devoiced.
Like all English approximants, it is <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> in most environments.

http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/ips/chapter8/ips_pd_tutorial.htm (508 words)



Phonology

Similarly the IPA values should be regarded as indicative rather than definitive: for instance, anyone should be at liberty to pronounce a <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> "r" sound as /ɾ/ - a tap or flap, as /r/ - a trill, or as /ɹ/ - an approximant, so long as the word being uttered is recognisable.
Notable for their absence from the suggested Lang25 phonology are the common English phonemes /θ/ and /ð/ (/dh/ and /th/) the <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> and voiceless dental fricatives- as in "the" and "thin".
This might tend to be rejected as unprecedented, but the "letter shape" is surely appropriate, and the voiceless uvular plosive [q] is right next to the <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> velar plosive [g] in any case.

http://www.appledene.karoo.net/phonology.html (893 words)



japdev

In the context of [velar plosive]+[V]+[palatoalveolar fricative], there appear to be formant-like patterns, but this is not the case when velar plosive is followed by other consonantal types.
In the OAD base, close vowels are more frequently <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> in the first recorded token of the words compared with their second token; it might be that the speakers were nervous or trying to speak as clearly as possible in the first recording.
This sensitive and selective nature of "vowel devoicing" might be interpreted as being "neural process" (Hirose 1971) rather than mere physical fluctuation.

http://www.essex.ac.uk/web-sls/papers/97-02/97-02.html (1169 words)



denthen.txt

DEN-THEN: 58 pairs making 37 semantic contrasts Most languages have a close equivalent of the English <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> plosive /d/, but very few have an equivalent of the <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> dental fricative of then.
If learners try too hard to articulate the sounds in this environment, they may create a problem where none exists.

http://pages.britishlibrary.net/marlodge/wordlist/denthen.txt (111 words)



Places of articulation

For example, we can create a symbol for the voiceless <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> nasal stop by placing the voiceless diacritic (a circle) underneath the symbol for a the <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> nasal stop, [n].
But there are languages which do make such contrasts: many Australian languages contrast all four coronal POAs; many languages of India contrast at least dental, <bb>>alveolarb>bb>>, and retroflex.
English would use <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> stops, French would use dental stops, but none of the familiar languages would use both in a way that could change the meaning of a word.

http://www.umanitoba.ca/linguistics/russell/138/sec5/s5-poa.htm (111 words)



ipaascii.txt

<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>Voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> h could perhaps be written h$, on graphic grounds, but it has been written h" instead.
This operator may optionally be placed *before* the operand, in keeping with usual practice among computer users.
The following tables follow the arrangement of the chart published in the Journal of the IPA for ease of reference.

http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~radev/acl/docs/ipaascii.txt (111 words)



sidv

For example, French <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> plosives usually have negative VOT and the voiceless ones zero VOT.
<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>Voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> Produced with vocal fold vibration or with short (or zero) voice onset time.
Vowel A vocoid segment which occupies the nucleus of a syllable.

http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/sid/sidv.htm (549 words)



spanish_language.html

The <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> postalveolar fricative /Z/ (that was written 'j,ge,gi') merged with the voiceless /S/ (that was written 'x', as in ' Quixote '), and then /S/ evolved by the 17th century into the modern velar sound /x/, now written 'j,ge,gi'.
The <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> fricative /z/ (that was written 's' between vowels) merged with the voiceless /s/ (that was written 's', or 'ss' between vowels), now written 's' everywhere.
<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>Voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> affricate /dz/ (that was written 'z') merged with the voiceless /ts/ (that was written 'ç,ce,ci'), and then /ts/ evolved into the interdental /T/, now written 'z,ce,ci'.

http://www.informationgenius.com/encyclopedia/s/sp/spanish_language.html (549 words)



Oriental Name Construction for Authors of Fantasy

RA, RI, RU, RE, RO This is a <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> liquid approximant.
This is a <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> nasal, except when it is alone as 'N'.
This is the only initial that can be by itself, and it can never start a word in such a position.

http://modzer0.cs.uaf.edu/~logan/names.html (549 words)



Describing consonants

In an <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> consonant, the tongue tip (or less often the tongue blade) approaches or touches the <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> ridge, the ridge immediately behind the upper teeth.
Which consonant you're pronouncing depends on where in the vocal tract the constriction is and how narrow it is. It also depends on a few other things, such as whether the vocal folds are vibrating and whether air is flowing through the nose.
This does not mean that it is physically impossible to say a sound that is exactly like, for example, an [n] except without vocal fold vibration.

http://www.umanitoba.ca/linguistics/russell/phonetics/articulation/describing-consonants.html (549 words)



Sounds

STRONG consonants are rather long in duration, are never <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> and may be aspirated, especially at the beginning and ends of words.
WEAK consonants can be <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> (but are not necessarily <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>), are rather short in duration and are never aspirated.
Either way, the nasal consonant is still syllabified.

http://www.potawatomilang.org/Reference/Grammar/Phonology/sounds.html (549 words)



Describing consonants

In an <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> consonant, the tongue tip (or less often the tongue blade) approaches or touches the <bb>>alveolarb>bb>> ridge, the ridge immediately behind the upper teeth.
In a fricative consonant, the articulators involved in the constriction approach get close enough to each other to create a turbluent airstream.
The other is a velar approximant: the tongue body approaches the soft palate, but does not get even as close as it does in an [x].

http://www.umanitoba.ca/linguistics/russell/138/2001/artic/describing-consonants.html (549 words)

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Topic: Voiced <<b>b</b>>alveolar</<b>b<

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