Voiced <b>retroflex</b<

Voiced <b>retroflex</b< - CompWisdom

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Topic: Voiced <b>retroflex</b<

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The International Phonetic Alphabet

This is the <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> analog of the previous.
fricative) is <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> in the former and voiceless in the latter.
<bb>>Retroflexb>bb>> sounds are not found in English as such, but some postalveolar consonants tend to have a certain <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> quality about them, for example the ‘r’.

http://www.madore.org/~david/misc/linguistic/ipa (7060 words)



5-806

<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>Voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> h could perhaps be written h$, on graphic grounds, but it has been written h" instead.
The 1993 version of IPA treats implosives as inherently <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>, but it seems likely that voiceless implosives will be assigned their own symbols some day soon.
This operator may optionally be placed *before* the operand, in keeping with usual practice among computer users.

http://umich.edu/~archive/linguistics/linguist.list/volume.5/no.801-850/5-806 (1757 words)



Category:Fricative - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For more information, see the main article about Fricative consonant.
This page was last modified 20:50, 31 May 2005.

http://www.peekskill.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Category:Fricative (76 words)



Computer-coding the IPA: a proposed extension of SAMPA

s\ alveolo-palatal fricative, <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> z\ alveolar lateral flap l\ simultaneous S and x x\ tie bar _
Thus for example the <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> velar fricative (gamma) becomes G, the <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> uvular plosive G\, and the velarization diacritic _G (so that for example velarized d appears as d_G).
H voiceless epiglottal fricative H\ <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> epiglottal fricative

http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/x-sampa.htm (725 words)



Introduction to Segmental Phonology: Sound Index

The following is an index of the <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> segments currently found in the feature database.
A short phonetic description is linked to a page with details about each segment.

http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/projects/featuresoftware/browse_sounds?soundset=15 (40 words)



Introduction to Segmental Phonology: Sound Index

The following is an index of the <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> segments currently found in the feature database.
A short phonetic description is linked to a page with details about each segment.

http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/projects/featuresoftware/browse_sounds?soundset=15 (40 words)



The College of Weights, Measures, and Exactitudes

The voicless <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> fricative ([ s, ]) ri-, rr may be <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> ([ z, ]) intervocalically in the Blaewa and the Rauþøþlį.
Where Grœna treats g as a voiceless velar fricative ([ x ]) in the initial position (such as in the word glaif), the Blaewa and the Rauþøþlį have a <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> glottal fricative ([ h ]).
In the other two languages, j is a voiceless palatal fricative ([ ç ]) before front vowels, a <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> postalveolar ficative ([ Z ]) before back vowels, as in Grœna, and mid-close front vowel [(I)] finally.

http://www.angelfire.com/ga3/arkan/differences.html (710 words)



UNIL / Linguistique - phonetic

We distinguish below between so-called true fricatives and the related class of spirants.
Among the fricatives below are ones described as hissers and hushers.
This section describes the dorsal fricatives and the fricatives where the dorsal/lateral opposition is unimportant.

http://www2.unil.ch/ling/english/phonetique/api32-eng.html (958 words)



Places of articulation

But there are languages which do make such contrasts: many Australian languages contrast all four coronal POAs; many languages of India contrast at least dental, alveolar, and <bb>>retroflexb>bb>>.
A <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> uvualar trill or fricative (depending on the dialect) is used for the R sound of European French and increasingly in Canadian French.
In some languages, retroflexes are so extreme that the tongue tip touches the hard palate or contact is made by the underside of the tongue tip.

http://www.umanitoba.ca/linguistics/russell/138/sec5/s5-poa.htm (899 words)



......Åssam Ônline.......

<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>Voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> Uvular Nasal (Small Capital N) 6 so.............
<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>Voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> Palatal Approximant(Lower case J) 36 ro(?) 37 ro(?) In the above chart there has been quite a few deviations from the devanagari system.
<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>Voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> palatal Fricative (Curly Tail J) 27 ro.............

http://www.angelfire.com/film/assam/language.html (3735 words)



Halfbakery: Phonetically Complex Language

This language will have at least six tones, several clicks, taps, and would have <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> / unvoiced / aspirated / unaspirated differentiation, bilabial fricative(s), a rich collection of <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> consonants, etc. etc.
It’s a glottal plosive, then an unrounded open mid-back vowel, then a <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> velar plosive.
The grammer on the other hand does not need to be complex.

http://www.halfbakery.com/idea/Phonetically_20Complex_20Language (1265 words)



CONK! Encyclopedia: Retroflex_consonant

<bb>>Retroflexb>bb>> consonants are common in the Indo-Aryan languages and the Dravidian languages; and can also be found in languages such as Mandarin Chinese, Javanese, Vietnamese, Swedish, Norwegian and some languages of Southern Italy and Sardinia.
Note: In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the symbols for <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> consonants are typically the same as for the alveolar consonants, but with the addition of a right-facing hook to the bottom of the symbol.
Because of the regularity of deriving <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> symbols from their alveolar counterparts, people will occasionally use a font editor to create the appropriate symbols for such sounds.

http://www.conk.com/search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Retroflex_consonant (522 words)



The Language Vorlin

r: preferably a trill (<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> uvular or alveolar trill); those who have difficulty producing a trill may use the <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> approximant “r” of central US English
The names of most <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> consonants contain the vowel e and most unvoiced consonants have u; this makes them very distinct from one another, moreso than English pairs such as “bee” and “pee.”
g: as in “gargle”, not as in “ginger” (<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> velar plosive)

http://www.rickharrison.com/language/vorlin1999.html (8346 words)



CONK! Encyclopedia: Plosive_consonant

<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>Voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> stops have a negative voice onset time, meaning the voicing begins before the stop is released.
Note that there are many languages where the features voice, aspiration, and length reinforce each other, and in such cases it may be hard to tell which of these features predominates.
Russian and other Slavic languages have words that begin with [dn], which can be seen in the name of the Dnieper River.

http://www.conk.com/search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Plosive_consonant (989 words)



<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>Voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> fricative - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

.Like all the <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward pointing hook extending from the bottom of the symbol used for the equivalent alveolar consonant, in this case the <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> alveolar fricative which has the symbol z.
The <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
Its place of articulation is <bb>>retroflexb>bb>>, which prototypically means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue curled up, but more generally means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative (317 words)



How to pronounce Hebrew

Perhaps sin should be a voiceless <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> fricative, but this is not attested in any Semitic languages, to my knowledge.
<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>Voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> labiodental fricative v Note: Although the more logical choice would might been the <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> bilabial fricative (as Ancient Greek "beta"), this is not at all attested in Hebrew; all modern pronounciations have /v/ (except Babylonian which has aspirated /<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>/, but this seems borrowed, since no other Semitic languages use aspiration).
Voiceless labiodental fricative f Although (as for beth) the more logical choice might have been the unvoiced bilabial fricative (as Ancient Greek "phi"), this is not at all attested in Hebrew; all modern pronounciations have /f/ (except Babylonian which has aspirated /p/, but this seems borrowed, since no other Semitic languages use aspiration).

http://ir.iit.edu/~argamon/hebrew.html (704 words)



IPA Tables

There is also another way to distinguish a <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> and voiceless sound.
<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>Voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> consonants can be made to carry on long after their initial pronunciation, whilst unvoiced consonants can not.
They are produced by varying the position of the tongue, and voicing the sounds which resonate in the area above the larynx and in the mouth.

http://www.sungwh.freeserve.co.uk/sapienti/phon/ipasymb.htm (1574 words)



International Phonetic Alphabet Online Research :: Information about International Phonetic Alphabet

Although not confirmed from any language, and therefore not "explicitly recognized" by the IPA, a <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>Voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> implosive, [á¶], is supported in the Unicode Phonetic Extensions Supplement, added in version 4.1 of the Unicode Standard.
For example, all the <bb>>Retroflexb>bb>> consonant have the same symbol as the equivalent Alveolar consonant, with the addition of a rightward pointing hook at the bottom.
<<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>Voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> alveolo-palatal fricative <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>Voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative

http://www.carolinamaps.net/search/IPA.html (4521 words)



CONK! Encyclopedia: Polish_language

This rule does not apply to approximants - a consonant cluster may contain <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> approximants and voiceless consonants.
In consonant clusters all consonants are either <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> or voiceless.
The consonants w and rz are normally <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>, but if a consonant cluster ends with w or rz and the last but one consonant is normally voiceless, then the whole consonant cluster is voiceless.

http://www.conk.com/search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Polish_language (2473 words)



iqexpand.com

The <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> palatal plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
[ edit ] Features Features of the <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> palatal plosive: Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing...
Its phonation type is <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.

http://voiced_palatal_plosive.iqexpand.com (521 words)



Wiki - Main - Sohlobhistoricalphonology

The sibilants /s/ and /ɕ/ become <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> [z] and [ʑ] before the <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> stops /<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>> d dʑ ɡ/.
This voicing applies also to /s/ in Linjeb but is never phonemicized there and is not reflected in the orthography.
In Linjeb the palatalized dorsal obstruents go all the way to coronal fricatives, thus merging with the former palatalized coronal obstruents.

http://melroch.xwiki.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Sohlobhistoricalphonology (2542 words)



Tirelat script and pronunciation

(z) A <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> alveolar sibilant, [z], as in "zone".
(ġ / gh) A <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> velar fricative, [ɣ], as in Spanish "lago".
Voiceless fricatives are pronounced as <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> when adjacent to <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> stops.

http://www.io.com/~hmiller/lang/Tirelat/script.html (1121 words)



Nasal consonant

[ɳ] <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> nasal, common in Indic languages
[n] is an alveolar or dental nasal: see <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> alveolar nasal
[ɲ] <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> palatal nasal (SAMPA [J]); is a common sound in European languages as in: Spanish ñ; or French and Italian gn; or Catalan and Hungarian ny; or Portuguese nh.

http://www.1-free-software.com/en/wikipedia/n/na/nasal_consonant.html (167 words)



Trivishtapam - Languages - Transliteration

The proper phonetic definition is: <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> non-lateral approximant.
and d.h are <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> taps, <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> and respectively unaspirated and aspirated.
h', x, sh, s', s and f' are respectively the glottal, velar, palatal, <bb>>retroflexb>bb>>, dental and bilabial voiceless fricatives.

http://samvit.org/lingua/mytrans.htm (1380 words)



Lindiga: Phonology and Writing

Clusters of more than two consonants are not allowed, and both consonants in the cluster must be <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> or voiceless.
If one consonant in the cluster is a nasal or liquid, which are always <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>, the other consonant is pronounced as <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>: jagri [ˈjɑɣri] "gold (color)", rsengva [ˈʂɛŋvɑ] "alligator, crocodile".
g [x], [ɣ] -- a voiceless velar fricative; before i or j, pronounced as [ç]; a <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> velar fricative [ɣ] between vowels or adjacent to <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> consonants.

http://www.io.com/~hmiller/lang/Lindiga/phonology.html (923 words)



Tamil transliteration and pronunciation

When T is between vowels or after N, it is a <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> D as in hard-earned.
The <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> consonants are supposed to have a dot under them; I have followed the convention of subsituting uppercase letters.
T and N are <bb>>retroflexb>bb>>, with the tongue curled back up to the roof of the mouth.

http://www.penkatali.org/tamil.html (521 words)



Home Fresh : Article 'Postalveolar consonant'

The affricate consonants are a combination of plosive and fricative consonants articulated almost simultaneously.

http://www.home-fresh.net/DisplayArticle370531.html (209 words)



Klingonska Akademien - pIqaD, And How to Read It.

For Ladgefoged, who coined the term (1964), a consonantal sound articulated in a manner involving an opening in the oral tract not radical enough to produce audible friction; thus, IPA [j], [w], [l], etc. Catford (1977, 119-22) refines this, defining approximants as having nonturbulent airflow when <<<<bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>>voicedb>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>><bb>>bb>bb>>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>bb>b>bb>>bb>bb>>>>> but tubulent airflow when voiceless.
Consonant composed of initial stop phase followed by a release phase taking the form of a homorganic fricative.
This sound does not occur in English, but is very much like the final sound in tetl, the Aztec word for egg, if properly pronounced.

http://klingonska.org/piqad (5002 words)



ENGLISH PHONOLOGY

all are sonorants, but the <bb>>retroflexb>bb>> "r" is not a nasal
voiceless, bilabial, aspirated stop alveopalatal fricative would be a "sh"
all are fricatives except for the "c" with the hachek over it, which is an affricate

http://web.pdx.edu/~jkh/english_phonology.htm (448 words)



quechua ipa

The following allophonic variations often occur in Quechua:
vowels /i/ and /u/--> [e] and [o] respectively (when next to uvular fricative)
voiceless alveolar fricative [s] --> voiceless postalveolar fricative when adjacent to a high front unrounded vowel [i]

http://classweb.gmu.edu/accent/nl-ipa/quechuaipa.html (102 words)

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Topic: Voiced <<b>b</b>>retroflex</<b>b<

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